St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 248
Description by Aaron J Kleist (Biola University)
2008
Titolo del codice: Bede, De natura rerum, De temporibus, and De
temporum ratione Pseudo-Bede, Compotum
[sic] Bedae presbiteri librorum quattuor
Boethius, De arithmetica libri duo
Datazione: pp. 3–82, s. ix med [with additions
on p. 61b of s. xi]; pp. 83–98, s. ix(?); pp. 99–148, s. ix or xi; pp.
149–212, s. ix or xi–xii.
Supporto materiale: Parchment
Dimensioni:
228 pages; pp. 1-2 missing.
Formato: (H x W): 288-93 x 208 - 18mm
Composizione dei fascicoli: (IV+2
[with 124 x 149 mm and 112 x 115 mm
parchment inserts between pp. 10
and 11 and pp. 12 and 13,
respectively])
18, 2 IV
50, II
58, IV
74, II
82, 2 IV
114, (II+4 [pp.
119–
126 being single folia])
130, (IV+1
[pp. 137–138 being a single folium])
148, 4 IV
212, (III+2
[pp.
213–
214 and
227–
228 being single folia])
228. Leaf arrangement: FHFH and HFHF; with
rare instances of HHFF and HFHH. Pricking: often not visible, likely having been lost to trimming, but appears on occasion near the outer margin, as at pp.
33-
36 and
49–
52; or some 7–15 mm from the outer edge, as at pp.
57-
58,
61–
62,
67–
72,
75–
89,
97–
150,
163–
166,
179–
182,
195–
198, and
211–
212; or in a combination of the two, with a double set of pricking, as at pp.
3–
4,
17–
20,
59–
60, and
73–
74. Occasionally, horizontal pricking will help in the creation of a table, as on p.
62.
Disposizione della pagina:
pp.
3–
34: 2 cols of 52
lines, ruled area 260–63 x 76–78 mm; pp.
35-
50: 2 cols of 43 lines, ruled
area 263–64 x 78–80 mm; p.
51: 2
cols of 38 lines, ruled area 270 x 79–85 mm; pp.
52-
55: 2 cols of 37 lines,
ruled area 262–64 x 78–84 mm; [
p.
56, table;
pp.
57-
58, originally blank; pp.
59-
60 and pp.
62–
63, tables];
pp.
61a and
64–
67: 2
cols of 46 lines [
67a: 33 lines of
written text], ruled area 234–35 x 68–72 mm; [pp.
68-
76, tables]; pp.
77-
82: 2 cols of 63 lines,
ruled area 245 x 73 mm;
pp.
83-
98: 2 cols of 43 lines, ruled area 241–43 x 74–76
mm; pp.
99-
212: 2 cols of
42 lines, ruled area 235–43 x 69–72 mm; [pp.
213-
226: tables]; p.
227: 2 cols of 47 lines of approximately 225
x 68–72 mm;
[
p. 228:
blank].
Tipo di scrittura e mani:
Various hands in Carolingian minuscule. Smith suggests that
pp.
3-
56 are the work of
‘many scribes’, pp.
59-
82 the
work of ‘several scribes’, and pp.
99–
212 again the work of ‘several scribes’
(Codices Boethiani, p. 199, §53). Cordoliani,
similarly, states that the whole ‘présente un grand nombre de
mains de scribes différents’ (‘presents a great number of hands
from different scribes’ [‘Les manuscrits de comput
ecclesiastique’, p. 168]). Bruckner compares the main
ninth-century hand with the ‘ausserordentlich kleiner,
sorgfältiger, exakter St Galler Minuskel’ (‘extremely small,
careful, precise St Gallen minuscule’) in St Gallen 40
(Scriptoria medii aevi Helvetica, vol. II, p. 57 [cf.
p. 69]). On page 9, Bischoff notes, ‘eine kleine
Korrektur in irischer Schrift enthält, ist ein Denkmal der
Beziehungen zwischen der Reichenau und dem Westen’ (‘a small
correction in an Irish hand, is a testimony to relations between
the
[Benedictine Abbey of] Reichenau and the
West’
[
Mittelalterliche Studien, vol. III, p. 47, n.
35
]).
Decorazione: - RUBRICATION: Orange or light-red rubrics appear on pp. 3a–4a, 5b–7a, 8ab, 9b, 10 [insert], 11a–12a, 13a–14a, 15ab, 19a, 22a–23b, 33a, 34ab, 36a, 40a, 41a–42a, 46a,
54a, 65ab,
68b, 83b,
84a, 85b,
87ab, 92a,
96a, 149b,
151a, 152ab,
153b, 155ab,
156a, 157b,
160b, 161b,
162b, 164a,
166b, 167a,
168a, 170a,
171a, 172a,
173b, 174a,
175b, 176a,
177b, 178b,
180a, 182b,
183a, 184a,
185a–192b, 194a–198b, 199b–208b, and 209b–226b. Small capitals in rubric filled with orange ink
are found e.g. on pp. 83a, 84a–85a, 86ab, and
99a. Black rubrics alone occur on
pp. 16a–17b, 18a, and 83a.
- CAPITALS: Three- to six-line capitals filled with orange ink
appear on pp. 6a–7a, 8b, 9b, 10b, 11a–12a, 13a–14a, 15ab, 19a, 20a, 23b, 120b, 123ab, 124a, 125a, 126b, 127b, 130a, 131ab, 132a, 133a, 134a, 135a, 136a, 137a, 138a, 139a. Three-
to six-line capitals left unfilled or filled with black ink: pp. 16a–18a, 20ab, 24b; 27b–30a, 39a, 142a, and 143b.
Three-line capital filled with orange and green ink: p. 115a. Two-line capitals left unfilled or
filled with black ink: pp. 7ab, 18b, 19b, 21a–22a, 30a,
33ab, 40ab,
42b, 43a,
44ab, 45ab,
47b, 48b,
49, 50a,
53a, 152a,
153b, 155b,
157b, 161b,
164a, 167a,
168a, 170a,
171a, 173b,
174a, 175b,
178b, 183a–192b, 194a–208b, and 210a–212b. Two-line capitals filled with orange or yellow
ink: pp. 64a–67b, 68b, 76b, 79a–82a, 83a–90b, 96a, 100a, 103a, 104a, 105b, 111a, 112b, 114ab, 117a, 118a, 125b, 151a, 152b, 156a, 160b, 162b, 166b, 167a, 170a, 171a, 172a, 174a, 176a, 177b, 180a, 182b, 184b–192b, 194a–208a,
and 209b–212a. Two-line capitals
filled with orange and green ink: pp. 42a,
76b, 77b,
83a, 90ab,
91b, 93b,
94ab, 95a,
99a, 101b,
and 102a. Two-line capitals filled with
green ink: pp. 90a–91b, 92b, 94b, 95ab, 96ab, and
97a–98a. Single-line capitals
filled with orange ink: pp.
66b–67a, 68ab, 72a–74b, 78a–80b, 83ab, 87a–89b, 93a, 99a, 100a–149b. Single-line capital filled with orange and green
ink: p. 115a. Single-line capitals filled
with green ink: pp. 83b, 90ab, 91ab, 92b, 93ab, 94ab, 97a–98a, and
115ab.
- ILLUSTRATIONS: A zoomorphic capital “I” in light red and
orange ink appears on p. 3a; dryruled
Celtic-like knotwork is found on p. 57a.
- TABLES AND DIAGRAMS appear throughout the material by Boethius
and Pseudo-Bede, as on pp. 7b, 8a, 10b [outline only;
completed table included as a small insert between pp. 10 and 11 ], 17a, 19b, 20b, 21ab, 22a, 24b, 25ab, 27b, 28ab, 29b, 30ab, 31b, 32ab, 33b, 34a, 35ab, 36a, 38b, 39ab, 40a, 41ab, 43b, 44ab, 45ab, 46a, 47b, 48b, 49ab, 54a, 56, 59, 60, 61b, 63, 64, 68, 70, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77a, 82b. Two diagrams also appear on p. 148b as part of Bede’s De temporum
ratione.
- [ALSO NOTE:] SEWING: Where ruling breaks through the vellum,
lines are sewn togther with green thread on pp.
35b and 50b. A curved tear in the
inner top edge of the manuscript is repaired with green thread on
p. 199a, green and red thread on
p. 201a, and with red thread on pp. 203a, 205a,
207a, 209a,
and 211a thereafter.
Aggiunte:
Smith dates pp.
3–
56 to s. ix, pp.
59–
82 to s. ix–x, and pp.
99–
212 to s. xi–xii (Codices
Boethiani, p. 199
[§53]). Stevens dates pp.
59–
82 to the middle or end of
the ninth century (‘Astronomy in Carolingian Schools’, p. 441, n.
59), while referring to the manuscript as a whole as from ‘s. IX, X,
XI’ (Cycles of Time and Scientific Learning, §VIII, p. 167, n. 8).
Earlier studies by Jones describe pp.
58–
227 as ‘saec. ix, with additions of saec. x/xi’
(Bedae Pseudepigrapha, p. 132), noting that pp.
99–
148 ‘are three inserted gatherings written
in a hand of saec. xi’ (Bedae Opera de temporibus, p. 156).
Cordoliani dates the whole of pp.
99–
212 to s. ix (‘L’évolution du comput ecclésiastique’, p.
291). Stevens and Jones further note that certain material derived
from Karlsruhe Landesbibliothek, Reichenau 167 (on which, see below)
ultimately dates to ca 700: see Stevens, Cycles of Time and
Scientific Learning, §VIII, p. 167, n. 8; and Jones, Bedae
Venerabilis Opera, p. xiv, n. 14 (see also Cordoliani, ‘Les
manuscrits de comput ecclesiastique’, pp. 168–69, and ‘L’évolution
du comput ecclésiastique’, pp. 296, 299, 302, and 312). For the
suggestion that pp.
59–
82
[Machielsen’s ‘fols 29r–41v’] date to the first
third of the ninth century—a theory that sits uneasily with St
Gallen 248’s posited dependence on Karlsruhe 167, now dated between
834 and 848—see Machielsen, Artes liberales, , pp.
199
[§622], perhaps drawing on the older study by
Bruckner, who dates the whole of St Gallen 248 (apart from additions
from s. xi) to s. ix
1/3 (Scriptoria medii aevi
Helvetica, vol. II
[1936], p. 74; see also
Cordoliani, ‘Les manuscrits de comput ecclesiastique’, p.
168).
Legatura:
Binding of s. xv (ca 1461) corresponding to
Szirmai’s Type A, with plaited endbands, raised sewing supports,
white leather covering (tawed pigskin or chamois) with
decoration in blind-tooled lines, on wooden boards. Two dark
leather binding straps, once attached to metal pegs, are now
lost. Remnants of text, inverted and perpendicular to the
volume, survive as impressions from an unidentified page.
Labels: “Boëthius. Beda [d]e Co[m]puto.” and “Z48” on spine;
“Compotus Bede.” [sic] on front cover, perhaps in the same hand
as the MS entry in the 1461 catalogue.
- See Szirmai, ‘Repair and Rebinding of Carolingian
Manuscripts’, p. 167; and
- Bruckner, Scriptoria medii aevi Helvetica, vol. II, p.
74.
I am indebted to Mr. Philipp Lenz for his expertise in
dating this binding.
Contenuto:
-
3-56
Boethius:
De arithmetica libri duo
-
(3)
Preface: DOMINO PATRI SYMMACHO·BOETIUS[.]
IN DANDIS ACCIPIENdisq[u e]
munerib[us] … [et] non
maiore censebitur auctor merito quam probator·FINIT
EP[ISTO]LA BOETII AD
SIMMACHU[M]. FINIT
EP[ISTO]LA BOETII AD
SYMMACHU[M].
-
(3b–4a)
Capitula.
-
(4a-22a)
Text of Book I: PROHEMIUM IN QUO DIUISIO MATHEMATICAE.
Inter omnes prisc[a]e auctoritatis qui
phytagora duce …–…
ab utilioribus moraremur..
EXPLICIT·LIB[ER] PRIMUS.
-
(22a-23a)
Capitula.
-
(23b-56)
Text of Book II: INAEQUALITAS REDUCATUR·
Superioris libri disputatione digestum
e[st]
…–…
huius discriptionis subter exemplar subiecimus;
-
(56)
Table: GEOMETRICA ARITHMETICA.
EXPL[ICIT] INSTITUTIONIS ARITHMETICE LIBER
SEC[UN]D[US]
FELICITER.
- The edition by Oosthout, Henry, and
John Schilling, Anicii Manlii
Severinus Boethii De arithmetica, Corpus Christianorum Series
Latina 94A (Turnhout, 1999), now replaces that of
- Godofredus Friedlein, ‘Boetii De
institutione arithmetica libri duo’, in Anicii Manlii Torquati
Severini Boetii De institutione arithmetica libri duo; De
institutione musica libri quinque; accedit geometria quae fertur
Boetii (Leipzig, 1867), pp. 3–173.
- On De arithmetica, see particularly Masi, Boethian Number Theory.
-
57-58
Miscellaneous
-
(57a)
Dryruled illustration (see above, under Decoration).
-
(57b)
Blank.
-
(58a)
Probationes pennae
[some erased] and dryruled numerals.
-
(59b [top])
Probationes pennae
[half erased] and a late-tenth or twelfth
century copy of Nonae aprilis or Rithmus
de termino Paschae, nineteen lines of verse giving
(in the first phrase of each line) the date of the Easter full
moon in the corresponding year of the nineteen-year
(‘decennovenal’) cycle and (in the second phrase of each line)
the ‘lunar regular’—that is, the number which, combined with the
concurrent for a particular year, identifies the feria or
weekday on which the Easter moon falls, as in Quinque poli zonis
on p. 61b below. (‘Concurrents’, in
turn, are the numbers 1 to 7 which Bede uses in his Easter
Tables to replace Dominical Letters—used to determine the
weekday of 1 January in any given year—and which ‘from a
mathematical point of view are considerably easier to work with’ [
Bergmann, ‘Easter and the
Calendar’, p. 17
].) Text (with the capitals for each line ruled for
but not inserted):
[N]on[a]e
aprilis Norunt quinos· …
[Q]uinden[a]e
c[on]stant
Trib[us] adeptis.
-
(59b [bottom])
Probationes pennae
[mostly erased] and a late-tenth or twelfth
century liturgical extract.
Continet in gremio celu[m]
t[er]ra[m]q[ue]
regente[m]
…–…
Bisseni comites que[m] stipant
agm[i]ne fido.
- For the divergent dating of the additions on p. 59b, see Cordoliani, ‘Les manuscrits de comput
ecclesiastique’, p. 169, and
-
Smith, Codices Boethiana, p. 199,
respectively.
- Nonae aprilis is printed by Strecker, Rhythmi aevi Merovingici et Carolini, pp.
670–71,
- and discussed by Jones, ‘A Legend
of St Pachomius’,who affirms that the verse appears ‘in
practically every computistical manuscript of the ninth century’
(199);
-
Cordoliani, similarly, says that the
text goes back to the ninth century and ‘était universellement
utilizé’ (‘was universally used’) to calculate the date of
Easter in the high Middle Ages (‘L’évolution du comput
ecclésiastique’, pp. 298–99).
- As for the extract from the responsory, it may have formed
part of the liturgy for Octaua natiuitatis Domini (the Octave of
Christmas), as in the twelfth-century Breviary of St Albans
[London, British Library, Royal 2 A.
x].
-
59-82
Pseudo-Bede:
Compotum (sic) Bedae presbiteri librorum quattor hic
[NOTE: Listing of tables in this section is not
comprehensive; see above, under Decoration.]
-
(59)
COMPOTUM [sic] BEDAE
P[RES]B[ITE]RI
LIBROR[UM] QUATTUOR HIC
-
(59-60)
Tables
-
(61)
Luna cotidie transit·xiii·partes et horas·viii et
viii·semis momenta … Haec ratio subtilissima
e[st] et ualde necessaria et maximo
labore undecumq[ue] cernendam mentis
acies purganda.
-
(61b)
[s. xi addition] Text:
Quinq[ue] poli zonis
non[a]e nectunt[ur]
aprilis· …–…
Hic tria quin den[a]e constant
p[er] dona
kal[en]d[a]e[.]
-
(61b)
[s. xi addition] Table.
-
(62)
[top] Table
-
(62)
[bottom] Text:
Primo anno decennovenal[is]
circul[i]
…–…
Nono decimo prima[m]
decada[m] sagittarii·
-
(63a)
[top] Table
-
(63a)
[bottom]
INCIPIT·CI[R]C[ULI]·a[l]
d[h]elmi de cursu
lu[nae]nae p[er]
signa·xii·s[e]c[un]d[u]m
grecos.
[No text follows.]
-
(63b-64ab)
[top] Tables.
-
(64a (bottom)-65a)
Pseudo-Augustine:
DE RATIONE BISSEXTI S[ECUNDUM]
AUG[USTINUM.]
Incipit primus annus ab occasu solis· uerbi gratia noctis
diei dominici usq[ue] dum finitur occidente
sole …–…
noctis plena quae p[rae]cedit xv.
k[a]l[endis] aprilis.
-
(65ab)
De signis duodecim.
DE SIGNIS XII
Iam uero illa quae ab ipsis gentib[us]
signa d[omi]n[u]s …–…
designarent eorumq[ue] appellare
nominib[us] non erubescerent·
-
(65b-67a)
Alia ratio de signis.
ALIA RATIO DE SIGNIS
Taurum aprili tribuunt propter eu[m] eo
q[uo]d in bouem sit conuersus ut fabulae
ferunt …–…
… unde december amat te genialis
[h]yemps[.] Includes:
-
(66b)
Priscian:
De duodecim signis celesibus (also called
Duodecim uersus de arcto maiori).
Ad boreae partes arctoi uertuntur et anguis …–…
Hinc sequitur pistrix simul
eridaniq[ue] fluenta.
-
(66b)
Pseudo-Jerome:
Versus de causis anni.
Me legat annals cupiat qui noscere mentes …–…
Uer æstas autumnus hyemis redit annus in
annu[m].
-
(66b-67a)
Versus de anno et mensibus.
Bissenis mensu[m]· uertigine uoluitur
annus …–…
Per nonas idusq[ue] decurrens
atq[ue] kalendas [.]
-
(67a)
Ausonius:
Versus de singulis mensibus .
(also known as Monosticha de mensibus)
Primus Romanas ordiris iane kalendas …–…
unde december amat te genialis [h]yemps
(see
Schaller and Könsgen, Initia, p. 560
[§12559]
)
-
(67b (top))
[s. xi? addition]
Termini rogationu[m]
…–…
in una feria omni anno c[on]ueniunt.
-
(67b (bottom))
[s. xi? addition]
Eugenius of Toledo:
Heptametron de primordio mundi.
Primus in orbe dies lucis p[ri]mordia
sumsit …–…
septimus est domino requies his rite
p[er]actis·
-
(68a)
Table.
-
(68ab)
De ratione saltus.
DE RATIONE SALTUS
Lunae uelocitas saltum praebet …–…
non saltus [ue]l uenerit
n[on] conueniet
-
(69a)
Horologiu[m] de concordia
Six tables follow in a vertical column.
-
(69b (top))
Table.
-
(69b (bottom))
De tramitib[us] decemnouenalis cycli.
Linea Chr[ist]e tuos prima est
qu[a]e continet annos …–…
Aetatem lunae monstrat nouissimus ordo.
-
(70-71)
Tables.
-
(72-76a)
Lunar calendar.
Xv anni decennouenalis cicli …–…
de xi dieb[us] solaribus
[.]
[Text ends on p. 74b, while
tables continue.]
-
(76b-82)
Extracts from the Encyclopedia or Computus of 809.
Incipiunt lectiones siue regulae
co[n]put[i]
…–…
xvii lu[na] fuit in
pas[cha] in illo anno·
-
83-92a
Bede:
De natura rerum liber
-
(3a)
Preface: NATURAS RERUM UARIAS … QUI LEGIS SUPER ASTRA
MENTE TUERE DIEM.
(3-)DE QUADRIFARIO DEI OPERE.
Operatio diuina, quae saecula creauit et gubernat …–…
atque inde Africa a meridie usque ad occidentem
extenditur. FINIT LIB[ER] PRIMUS·
- CPL 1343. Ed. Charles W. Jones, Bedae Venerabilis Opera,
Pars I, Opera Didascalica,
- CCSL 123A (Turnholt, 1975), pp. 189–234.
-
See also Jones, Charles W., Manuscripts of
Bede’s De Natura Rerum
- (Bruges: The Saint Catherine Press, 1937).
-
92-98
Bede:
De temporibus liber
-
(92)
(chapters 1–15)
INCIPIT SECUNDUS
Tempora momentis horis dieb[us]
mensib[us] annis saeculis et
aetatib[us] diuiduntur …–…
n[ost]ra quoq[ue]
resurrectione nob[is] exoptabilis in memoriam
reuocetur· FINIT LIB[ER] II·
-
(96)
(chapters 16-22)
INCIP[IT]IT DE SEX
AETATIB[US] mundi· Sex
aetatib[us] mundi tempora
distingunt[ur]
…–…
Iustin[us] minor
an[no]·xi·armenii fide[m]
Chr[ist]i suscipiunt· Tiberius
an[no]·ix [expl.
imperf.].
Jones affirms that St Gall 248, pp. 92–99 is ‘Undoubtedly a copy of K
[Karlsruhe Landesbibliothek, Reichenau
167]’
- (Jones, Charles W., ed., Bedae Opera de temporibus
[Cambridge, 1943], p. 166).
- CPL 2318. Ed. Charles W. Jones, Bedae Venerabilis Opera,
Pars III, Opera Didascalica,
- CCSL 123C (Turnholt, 1980), pp. 585–611.
-
99-212
Bede:
De temporibus ratione
-
(99-100a)
DE NATURA RERUM ET RATIONE TEMPORUM
duos quonda[m]
p[er]stricto sermone libellos
discentib[us]
…–…
mecu[m] nihilominus debita
fraternitatis intemeratae iura custodiat.
-
(100-212)
De temporum ratione d[omi]no iuuante
dicturi necessariu[m]
duxim[us]
…–…
una[m] operatione[m]
in Chr[ist]o diuinitatis
[et] humanitatis unam [expl. imperf.
at A.M. 4593].
- Jones suggests that pp. 99–148 comprise three inserted
gatherings in an eleventh-century hand drawn from an exemplar
‘resembling Φ [a group of manuscripts primarily from
Auxerre, Fleury, Cologne, and Trier]. The rest
definitely equals K2 [part of Karlsruhe
Landesbibliothek, Reichenau 167]’; see Jones,
Charles W., ed., Bedae Opera de temporibus (Cambridge, 1943), p.
156 and 143.
- Cordoliani lists p. 120(?) [‘fol. 61’]
under witnesses to
De quattuor questionibus compoti
of Notker III Labeo (ca 950–1022), ed.
Piper, Nachträge zur alten deutschen Literatur, pp. 312–18; see
Cordoliani, ‘Les traités de Comput du Haut Moyen Age’, pp.
64–65.
- The last diagram on p. 148b, representing various ‘fours’ such
as the elements, seasons, humours, and so forth, appears also in
Berlin, Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesitz 138, fol.
36v; Paris, Bibliothéque Nationale, Lat. 5239, fol. 144v; and St
Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek 240, p. 27; and is reproduced in PL
90.461–62; see Jones, Charles W., ed., Bedae Opera de temporibus
(Cambridge, 1943), p. 368.
-
De sex huius saeculi aetatibus
, which appears at pp. 183–212 and which Scherrer lists
as a separate entry in MS 248, constitutes chapter 66 of
De temporum ratione
; on this copy of
De sex huius saeculi aetatibus
, see Ostberg, ‘Who were the Mergothi?’, pp. 98–99 and
100 n.14.
- CPL 2320. Ed. Charles W. Jones, Bedae Venerabilis Opera, Pars
II, Opera Didascalica, CCSL 123B (Turnholt 1977), pp.
263–460.
-
213-228
Miscellaneous
-
(213-226)
Computistical Tables.
-
(227ab)
Capitula for Bede, De natura rerum.
-
(227b)
Capitula for Bede, De temporibus, chapters
1–16.
-
(228)
Blank
-
The tables on 213–226 are
arranged in nineteen-year cycles and provide the following
information: common and embolismic years (that is, non-leap
years of 365 days and intercalary lunar years of thirteen lunar
months or 384 days), anni domini (years A.D.),
indictions (fifteen-year cycles), epacts (the difference in days
between a solar and a lunar year, that is, the number of days
since the new moon at the beginning of the solar year [1
January]), concurrents (the numbers 1 to 7 which Bede uses in
his Easter Tables to replace Dominical Letters, used to
determine the weekday of 1 January in any given year [see
comments on Nonae aprilis, p.
59b above]), common lunar years (twelve lunar months
or 354 days), the fourteenth day of the pascal moon (the Sunday
after which would be Easter), Easter day, and the age of the
moon on that day. The arrangement corresponds to the
decennovenal cycle from the year 532 described by
Bede in De temporum ratione and reproduced as PL 90.825–54. See
-
Cordoliani, ‘Les manuscrits
de comput ecclesiastique’, p. 177.
Origine del manoscritto:
Original portion ca 850 around Laon, northern France.
The text appears to have been copied by a Frankish scribe from the
Karlsruhe Bede, Karlsruhe, Landesbibliothek, Augiensis 167, written
between 834 and 848 around Laon in an Irish hand. Pages
72–
76 correspond to Karlsruhe 167,
fols 16v–17v; pp.
76–
82 correspond
to Karlsruhe 167, fols 6r–12r. See
Borst, Arno, Das Buch der Naturgeschichte: Plinius und
seine Leser im Zeitalter des Pergaments (Heidelberg, 1994), p.
117, n. 93, and p. 137, n. 32;
Borst, Der karolingische
Reichskalender, vol. I, p. 230; and
Scheiders, ‘The Irish Calendar in the
Karslruhe Bede’, p. 37; see also
Jones, ‘A Note on Concepts of the
Inferior Planets’, p. 398. While Borst views St Gallen
248, pp.
72-
76, as having been
copied directly from Karlsruhe 167, fols 16v–17v,
Meyvaert suggests that both ‘were copied on Irish exemplars, but
that
[the exemplar for St Gallen 248, pp. 72–76
] belonged to an earlier
stratum to which no names had yet been added’ (‘Discovering
the Calendar’, pp. 41–42). For the suggestion that St
Gallen 248 may possibly have served as the exemplar for or a source
of corrections to Karlsruhe 167, see
Jones, Bedae Pseudepigrapha, p. 132; and
Jones, Bedae Opera de
temporibus, p. 156, respectively.
Provenienza del manoscritto: The ninth-century portion came to St Gallen not long after
composition, possibly even in the lifetime of Grimald of Reichenau
(Abbot, 841–872), but at least by the compilation of the
1461 catalogue (see below, under Binding). The
Sig[lum]
monaste[rii] sanc[ti]
Galli, a stempel of Diethelm Blarer (Abbot,
1553–1564), has been stamped onto p. 4. See
Borst, Der karolingische Reichskalender,
vol. I, p. 231. I am indebted to Mr. Philipp Lenz for the
identification of the monastic stamp. - Borst describes pp. 59–69 as excerpts from the
Encyclopedia of 809 (Der karolingische Reichskalender, vol. I,
p. 231)—as indeed he does pp.
76-82 elsewhere (Schriften zur Komputistik im
Frankenreich von 721–818, vol. I, p. 288). On the
Encyclopedia, see below.
- The tables and texts on pp. 59-64
[Cordoliani’s ‘feuillets 29[r] à 31 v’] complement one another by their computistical
nature. The tables on p. 59 indicate the
place of the sun in the signs of the zodiac for each month of the
year. Those on p. 60 reproduce the series
AEIOU (60a [top]), give the age of the moon at the start of each
month in each year of the nineteen-year decennovenal cycle (60a
[bottom]), and list the concurrents for the twenty-eight year solar
cycle (60b [top]). The nineteen-line Quinque poli
zonis on p. 61b allows one to find
the lunar regular for each year of the decennovenal cycle (as in the
second phrases of Nonae aprilis on p. 59b above). The wheel-diagram at the bottom of
p. 61b, part of the eleventh-century
portion of the page, is likely a tidal table, calculating tides for
each of the nineteen years. It also appears in Berlin,
Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesitz 138, fol.
35v; London, British Library, Harley 3017, fol.
135r; and Rome, Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica
Vaticana, Regin. Lat. 123, fol. 83r; and is reproduced in
PL 90.249–50, 277–78, 385–86, and 423–24 (
Jones, Bedae Opera de temporibus, pp.
365 and 126, n. 3; and
Cordoliani, ‘Les manuscrits de comput ecclesiastique’,
p. 170). The table on p. 62,
using the letters A–K, allows one to find the age of the moon on 1
January for each year in a thirty-year cycle, while the decennovenal
verses at the bottom of p. 62 identify the
position of the moon on 1 January in the signs of the zodiac for a
cycle of nineteen years. The tables on p.
63, using the letters A–P (63a) and
A–U (63b), indicate the age of the moon in each day of the year
during the decennovenal cycle and allow one to find the age of the
moon as a function of the feria or weekday of 1 January. Finally,
the table on p. 64 (as on p. 71 below) allows one to find the age of the moon
during the different signs of the zodiac, as explained by Bede in
De temporum ratione 19; see
Cordoliani, ‘L’évolution du comput
ecclésiastique’, p. 308. For all the material above, see
idem., ‘Les manuscrits de comput ecclesiastique’, pp.
169–70, as well as his reference to p.
62 [‘fol. 30v’] in ‘Un manuscrit de comput
intéressant’, p. 252.
- The text of Pseudo-Augustine, De ratione bisexti
(pp. 64-65) appears (perhaps
uniquely?) later in the twelfth-century Paris, Bibliothèque
Nationale, Latin 7418 A, fol. 36v; see
Cordoliani, ‘Les manuscrits de comput
ecclesiastique’, p. 170; and
Machielsen, Artes liberales, p. 220
[§638].
-
Alia ratio de signis (pp.
65b-67a) concludes with four passages which Machielsen
describes as ‘textus de signibus zodiaci, etiam
Au[gustino] tribute’ and as ‘textus … de zodiaco,
quorum primus erronee Au[gustino] tributus’,
though the rubrication in fact only attributes De ratione
bisexti (64a-65a) to
Augustine; see
Machielsen, Artes
liberals, pp. 220 [§638] and 199 [§622]. The first
passage Machielsen identifies as an extract from Priscian’s
De sideribus called De duodecim signis celesibus
(also called Duodecim uersus de arcto maiori; see
Schaller and Könsgen, Initia carminum latinorum,
p. 7 [§171]; and
Walther, Initia carminum, p. 17 [§310]; as well as
Cordoliani, ‘Les manuscrits
de comput ecclesiastique’, p. 170; ). The next he
identifies as Pseudo-Jerome’s Versus de causis anni,
edited by
Baehrens, Poetae latini
minores, vol. V [1883], p. 349;
Buecheler and Riese, Anthologia latina, vol. II [1906], p. 1 [§676];
and PL 90.806 (see
Schaller and Könsgen, Initia
carminum latinorum, p. 424 [§9481] and
Machielsen, Artes liberals, p. 287
[§800/c], as well as Cummian’s Letter ‘De
controversia Paschali’, ed. Maura Walsh and DaÏibhiÏ OÏ CroÏiniÏn, Studies and Texts
[Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval
Studies] 86 [Toronto, 1988], p.
108). Third comes the anonymous Versus de anno et
mensibus (see
Schaller
and Könsgen, Initia carminum
latinorum, p. 82 [§1716]; and
Walther, Initia carminum, p. 761 [§14678]; as
well as
Cordoliani, ‘Les manuscrits
de comput ecclesiastique’, p. 170), while fourth we have
the Versus de singulis mensibus or Monosticha de mensibus by
Ausonius (see
Schaller
and Könsgen, Initia carminum
latinorum, p. 560 [§12559]; as well as
Cordoliani, ‘Les manuscrits de comput
ecclesiastique’, p. 171).
- The last seven lines of p. 67b comprise an
early copy of a mnemonic poem by Eugenius II (archbishop of Toledo,
636–646) which became widely known in mediaeval
schoolbooks: poem 37, ed. Vollmer,
Fl. Merobaudis reliquiae, p. 256; see
Chiesa and Castaldi, La trasmissione dei testi latini del
Medioevo, vol. I, p. 108; and
Díaz y Díaz, Anécdota
wisigothica, p. 89.
-
De tramitib[us] decemnouenalis cycli (69b [bottom]) is a set of mnemotic verses
originating either at St Gallen (
Jones, Bedae Pseudepigrapha, p. 81; and
Jones, Bedae Opera de temporibus, p.
81, n. 35) or elsewhere and prior to the time of Bede (
Cordoliani, ‘L’évolution du
comput ecclésiastique’, pp. 297–98); see
Machielsen, Artes liberales, pp.
258–59 [§675/a];
Schaller and Könsgen, Initia
carminum latinorum, pp. 399–400 [§8931]; and
Walther, Initia carminum, p. 525
[§10329]. It is printed as Carmen de eadem
re in PL 90.860.
- The table on the top of p. 71, known
elsewhere as Cursus lunae per duodecim signa
[cf. the title of the table on p.
63a
], allows one to find the age of the moon
during the different signs of the zodiac [cf. the table on
p. 64 above], as
explained by Bede in De temporum ratione 19; for its
use, see
Cordoliani,‘L’évolution du
comput ecclésiastique’, p. 308.
- According to Meyvaert, the calendar that appears on pp. 72-76 is one originally made by Bede to
precede De temporum ratione along with his Great
Easter Table—an eight-column treatment of the years
532–1063 in nineteen-year sections on which Bede
comments in De temporum ratione 44–65 (‘Discovering
the Calendar’, p. 9). Meyvaert’s edition of the calendar, which
collates the tables in St Gallen 248, may be consulted along with
Scheiders’ edition of the calendar in Karlsruhe 167, fols 16v–17v,
the immediate source for pp. 72-76
(
Scheiders, ‘The Irish Calendar in
the Karslruhe Bede’). The St Gallen pages correspond to
the two editions as follows: St Gallen 248, p.
72ab (January–February) corresponds to
Meyvaert, ‘Discovering the Calendar’,
pp. 47–48, and
Scheiders, ‘The Irish Calendar’, pp. 42–45;
p. 73ab (March–April) corresponds to
Meyvaert pp. 49–50 and Scheiders pp. 46–49; p.
74ab (May–June) corresponds to Meyvaert pp. 51–52 and
Scheiders pp. 50–53; p. 75ab (July–October)
corresponds to Meyvaert pp. 53–56 and Scheiders pp. 54–61; p. 76a (November–December) corresponds to
Meyvaert pp. 57–58 and Scheiders pp. 62–65. For an explanation of
how the calendar works, see Bede’s comments in De temporum
ratione 19 and 23; the corresponding notes in
Wallis, Bede: The Reckoning of Time,
pp. 291–93 and 299;
Meyvaert, ‘Discovering the
Calendar’, p. 36;
Cordoliani, ‘L’évolution du comput
ecclésiastique’, pp. 302–04; and the earlier study by
Jones, which describes the columns of the calendar by reference to
Migne’s edition in PL 90.759–84 (Bedae Pseudepigrapha, pp. 110
and 108–09). For earlier suggestion that the calendar
might derive from the work of Abbo of Fleury (ca
945–1004)—and thus that this section might date from s.
x—see
van de Vyver, ‘Les oeuvres
inédites d’Abbon de Fleury’, p. 151.
- For the tables and text on pp. 76–82 (Borst’s ‘F 3’), see
Borst, Der Streit um den karolingischen Kalender, pp.
xxi, 36, 102 n. 146, 107, and 132;
Borst, Die karolingische
Kalenderreform, pp. xxiii, xxvii, 165, 187, 247, 304, 308, 458,
463–64, 471, 477, 482, 484, 490, 502, 510, 514, and 705;
and particularly
Borst, Schriften
zur Komputistik im Frankenreich von 721–818. Borst
collates St Gallen 248, p. 76b for
Schriften zur Komputistik, vol. II, pp. 544–53 [§I.1–6 and
8–9] and 562–64 [§II.1]; p. 77
for Schriften, pp. 564–66 [§II.1 (continued)], 641 [§VIII.1], 553–61
[§I.10–15], 566–71 [§II.2–3], 575–76 [§II.5], 577–79 [§II.7–7a];
p. 78 for Schriften, pp. 579–79 [§II.7a
(continued)], 572–74 [§II.4], 576–77 [§II.6], 580–82 [§II.8–9],
613–14 [§VI.1], 582–84 [§II.10], and 616–21 [§VI.2–4]; p. 79 for Schriften, pp. 621 [§VI.4
(continued)], 627 [§VI.7], 650–51 [§VIIII.2], 630–32 [§VII.1],
636–39 [§VII.4], 639–40 [§VII.5], and 641–43 [§VIII.1B–4]; p. 80 for Schriften, pp. 643–48 [§VIII.4–11]
and 651–57 [§VIIII.3–7]; p. 81 for
Schriften, pp. 584–610 [§III.1–6; §IIII.1–7; §V.1–10], 640 [§VII.6],
621–22 [§VI.5]; and p. 82 for Schriften,
pp. 622–26 [§VI.5 (continued)–VI.6]; see also vol. II, p. 673, and
vol. III, p. 1081.
- Portions of p. 78
[Scriften, vol. II, pp. 580–82 (§II.8–9)] appear
elsewhere as De pronuntiatione dierum secundum
Dionysium (
Machielsen,
Artes liberales, p. 282 [§773A]), also known as
Pseudo-Bede, De argumentis lunae libellus, and Pseudo-Victorius
Aquitanus, De pronuntiatione dierum secundum Victorium (ibid., pp.
239–40 [§660/c] and 301 [§835], respectively). The text is printed
by Migne as Si uis scire quare d[icitu]r
Mar[tius] in
K[a]l[endis] xxix·quia
retro mar[tio]
feb[ruarius] e[st] … ibi
potest pleniter discere[.] [PL 90.707C]
followed by Si uis scire quare d[icitu]r
feb[ruarius] in
K[a]l[endis] xxxii· …
quia iam finiti s[un]t dies anni in idus: xiii· [PL
90.707AB].
- Borst refers pp. 76-82 as ‘die
vollständige Neubearbeitung der rheinischen Anleitung von 760/792’
(‘the complete revision of the Rhenish instructions of
760/792’)—that is, one assumes, the B version of the Carolingian
Encylopedia on Time compiled at Aachen in 809; see
Schriften zur Komputistik, vol. I, p. 288.
Cordoliani, listing the incipits to the various sections in pp.
76–82 [fols ‘38v–41v’], notes those deriving from this work
(‘Les manuscrits de comput ecclesiastique’, pp.
171–75; see also his comments on pp. 175–77). On the Encyclopedia or
Computus of 809, see Borst, ‘Alkuin und die Enzyklopadie von
809’.
- Stevens suggests that while pp.
59-82 date ‘from the middle or end of the ninth century’,
the last section of text on p. 82
(Si uis scire a septembrio usq[ue] ad
dec[embrem] h[oc]
e[st] ab initio anni
aegyptoru[m] … xvii lu[na]
fuit in pas[cha] in illo anno· [
Borst, Schriften, pp.
625–26 (§VI.6)]) was added later by a hand quite
different from the others, perhaps in [the] early
eleventh century’ (
Stevens,
‘Astronomy in Carolingian Schools’, p. 441, n. 59). is
difficult to understand from what grounds the suggestion arises,
however, as no change of hand appears to distinguish this text from
the rest of the page or indeed pp.
59-82.
-
Page 82 concludes with diagrams of the
Ptolmaic solar system and the heliocentric orbits of Mercury and
Venus (with the sun in turn orbiting the earth) which appear in
Karsruhe 167, fol. 16r; the diagrams in Karsruhe 167 are discussed
by
Stevens, ‘Astronomy in
Carolingian Schools’, pp. 450–51, and
Jones, ‘A Note on Concepts of the
Inferior Planets’, pp. 398–99
[see also
Jones, Bedae
Pseudepigrapha, pp. 84–85; and
Jones, Bedae Opera de temporibus,
pp. 145 and 352
]).
- Smith cites PL 90.357–61 for pp.
59-82, but Migne’s text at this point is actually Bede,
De temporum ratione 15 (conclusion) – 17
(middle); see Smith, Codices Boethiani, p. 199 [§53].
For other notes on this section, see Borst, Das Buch der
Naturgeschichte, p. 117, n. 93, and p. 137, n. 32; and
Oosthout and Schilling, Anicii Manlii Severinus
Boethii De arithmetica, p. 174, n. 21.
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