110
documents found
|
displayed: 1 - 100
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 1/1
Parchment · 216 + I ff. · 42.7 x 31 cm · ca. 1400-1450, additional pages XVI-XVII
Guyart des Moulins, Bible Historiale
The Bible Historiale is a Bible edition translated by Guyart de Moulins into French prose at the end of the 13th century. It is presented in the form of biblical stories and combines the Vulgata of Jerome with the Historia Scholastica of Peter Comestor. It was quickly supplemented with the second volume of the Bible du XIIIe siècle (“Thirteenth-century Bible”). Because it was widely disseminated during the 14th and 15th centuries, today there are 144 known examples, both complete exemplars and fragments.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2012-03-22
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 1/2
Parchment · I + 214 ff. · 42.7 x 31 cm · ca. 1400-1450, additional pages XVI-XVII
Guyart des Moulins, Bible Historiale
The Bible Historiale is a Bible edition translated by Guyart de Moulins into French prose at the end of the 13th century. It is presented in the form of biblical stories and combines the Vulgata of Jerome with the Historia Scholastica of Peter Comestor. It was quickly supplemented with the second volume of the Bible du XIIIe siècle (“Thirteenth-century Bible”). Because it was widely disseminated during the 14th and 15th centuries, today there are 144 known examples, both complete exemplars and fragments.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2012-03-22
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 2
Parchment · (I-III) + 474 + (IV-V) ff. · 39 x 29 cm · around 1330
Guyart des Moulins, Bible Historiale
This Bible Historiale is the Bible translated toward the end of the 13th century into French and prose by Guyart des Moulins. Presented in the form of a holy story, it joins Jerome's Vulgata and Petrus Comestor's Historia Scholastica. It was quickly completed by the second volume of the Bible du XIIIe siècle. Widely used in the 14th and 15th centuries; today there exist 144 complete or fragmentary exemplars.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2017-09-26
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 3/1
Paper · IV + 296 + III ff. · 41 x 29.5 cm · 1474
Guyart des Moulins, Bible Historiale
The Bibliothèque de Genève preserves a third copy in two volumes of the Bible Historiale by Guyart des Moulins (besides Ms. fr. 1/1-2 and Ms. fr. 2). Despite the rough execution of his drawings, this copy is remarkable because of its origin. It was copied by Jean Bagnel at the behest of Hugonin Dupont, a merchant and citizen of Geneva; in 1603 it became part of the Bibliothèque de Genève.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2020-06-18
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 3/2
Paper · V + 288 + III ff. · 41 x 29.5 cm · 1474
Guyart des Moulins, Bible Historiale
The Bibliothèque de Genève preserves a third copy in two volumes of the Bible Historiale by Guyart des Moulins (besides Ms. fr. 1/1-2 and Ms. fr. 2). Despite the rough execution of his drawings, this copy is remarkable because of its origin. It was copied by Jean Bagnel at the behest of Hugonin Dupont, a merchant and citizen of Geneva; in 1603 it became part of the Bibliothèque de Genève.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2020-06-18
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 5
Parchment · 182 ff. · 27.8 x 20.5 cm · around 1460
François Ximenes, Livre des anges (El Llibre dels àngels)
In this work, written at the end of the 14th century in Valencia, the author describes the universe of angels, inspired by Dionysius the Areopagite's De triplici gerarchia. The text, which was in wide use during the second half of the 15th century, was translated into French and published as a first printed edition in Geneva in the year 1478. The Ms. fr. 5 was illuminated by the Master of the Geneva Boccaccio and contains the coat of arms of Jeanne de Laval, second wife of King René of Anjou.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2014-12-18
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 6
Parchment · 217 ff. · 27 x 19 cm · 1417
Heinrich Seuse, Horloge de Sapience
In 1389, the Franciscan monk Jean de Souabe translated into French the Horologium sapientiae by the mystic Henry Suso (1295-1366) of the Rhineland. In this moral treatise, wisdom conducts a dialog with a student regarding the spiritual path to be followed, as inspired by the passion of Christ, and invites him to meditate on the passing of time. More than fifty copies of this work are known. This manuscript from the Bibliothèque de Genève, dated 1417, was probably written in the episcopal city.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2018-10-04
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 57
Parchment · 491 ff. · 36.5 x 26.5 cm · ca. 1402
Jacobus de Voragine, Légende dorée (Legenda aurea), in the translation of Jean de Vignay; Jean Golein, Fêtes nouvelles [followed by] Du Saint Voult de Lucques
The Legenda aurea is one of the most copied texts in all of the medieval Occident. In short texts, it blends sanctoral and temporal celebrations in the course of the year, following the order of the liturgical calendar. Popular not only in Latin but also in the vernacular languages, it had various uses, as a tool for preaching and as a source of moral edification through private reading for the layperson as well as the cleric.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2015-06-25
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 64
Parchment · 375 ff. · 35.5 x 28 cm · around 1480
Jean Mansel, La fleur des histoires
This universal history, which contains biblical and secular stories, is one of the most extensvie works of its type from the middle ages. The date of the manuscript can be fixed in the third quarter of the 15th century; it was decorated by the Flemish illuminator Wilhelm Vrelant, a producer of top quality miniatures.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2008-12-09
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 70/1
Parchment · 241 ff. · 35 x 25.5 cm · ca. 1457-1482
Jean de Courcy, La Bouquechardière
Between 1416 and 1422, Jean de Courcy wrote a chronicle titled La Bouquechardière, named after his fief. The chronicle, which consists of 6 books, is a compilation of mythological, biblical and legendary stories. The first volume contains the first three books, i.e., the history of Greece, of Troy and of the Trojans who escaped the destruction of their town. The Genevan manuscript comes from the Lyon workshop known as “de Guillaume Lambert.” The manuscript contains beautiful frontispiece illuminations at the beginning of each book.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2014-04-09
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 70/2
Parchment · 228 ff. · 35 x 25.5 cm · ca. 1457-1482
Jean de Courcy, La Bouquechardière
Between 1416 and 1422, Jean de Courcy wrote a chronicle titled La Bouquechardière, named after his fief. The chronicle, which consists of 6 books, is a compilation of mythological, biblical and legendary stories.The second volume contains the last three books, i.e., the history of the Assyrians, of the Macedonians, and of Alexander and the Maccabees. The Genevan manuscript comes from the Lyon workshop known as “de Guillaume Lambert.” The manuscript contains beautiful frontispiece illuminations at the beginning of each book.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2014-04-09
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 72
Parchment · III + 252 + III ff. · 34 x 25 cm · first half of the 15th century
Histoire ancienne jusqu'à César
This historical collection, whose narratives range from Genesis to Julius Caesar, was a great success in the Middle Ages. It was first written in the 13th century. This incomplete copy ends with Pompey's triumphant return to Rome. The manuscript was produced in Paris and contains 34 miniatures in grisaille.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2020-06-18
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 75
Parchment · III + 165 ff. · 36 x 25.5 cm · late 15th century
Vasco de Lucena, Traitté des faiz et haultes prouesses de Cyrus
At the request of Charles the Bold, in 1470 Vasco de Lucena translated Xenophon's Cyropaedia from the Latin translation by Poggio Bracciolini (Institutio Cyri, 1445) and titled it “ Traitté des faiz et haultes prouesses de Cyrus”. The manuscript was illuminated by the “Maitre des prières de 1500” and contains seven miniatures that tell the story of Cyrus and that inspired the Duke of Burgundy in his political and military actions.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2018-10-04
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 76
Parchment · I-II + 263 ff. · 39 x 28 cm · ca. 1475-1500
Quintus Curtius Rufus, Faits et gestes d'Alexandre
Vasco de Lucena translated Quintus Curtius' history of Alexander into French at the request of Isabella of Portugal, the wife of Philip III, Duke of Burgundy. The translator drew on texts by Plutarch and Justin in order to complete the Roman writer's text which contains gaps. The translation, completed in 1468, presents Alexander as conqueror, devoid of all legends transmitted through courtly literature; it is dedicated to Charles the Bold, the son of Isabella. This copy from the Bibliothèque de Genève was illustrated by a Flemish artist, Maître d'Edouard IV, who was active in Bruges around the end of the 15th century, as well as by a second hand not yet definitively identified.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2014-09-23
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 77
Parchment · (I-II) + 450 + (III-IV) ff. · 45.5 x 32 cm · beginning of the 15th century
"Histoire romaine" by Titus Livius, translated into French by Pierre Bersuire
At the request of Jean II of France, between 1354 and 1356, the Dominican Pierre Bersuire (Petrus Berchorius) undertook this translation of the three decades (I, II and IV) of Ab Urbe condita by Titus Livius that were known at the time. This history of Rome extends from the founding of the city to the war between the Romans and the Celtiberians. The exemplar held by the Bibliothèque de Genève was produced at the beginning of the 15th century and carries the Ex libris of the Duke of Berry. Paintings are by the "Maître des Cleres femmes" of the Duke of Berry and by artists working in the style of the "Maître du duc de Bedford".
(hoc)
Online Since: 2010-12-21
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 79
Parchment · II + 528 + II ff. · 30.5-31 x 20-20.5 cm · around 1475
Le Mignon
Le Mignon is a collection of various historical narratives and moral or philosophical texts. Henri Romain is the author of the summary of the three decades of Titus Livius and the Compendium historial, a compilation of ancient stories. Laurent de Premierfait is the translator of De la vieillesse by Cicero, and Jean Courtecuisse translated Des Quatre vertus cardinales by Seneca. This manuscript from the studio of Maître François presents seven beautiful frontispiece illuminations.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2020-10-08
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 80
Parchment · 244 ff. · 33.5 x 23.5 cm · around 1470
Les faits des Romains
This work, also known by the title „Livre de Jules César,“ contains a collection of texts by Julius Caesar, Sallust, Suetonius and Lucan; it was written in the years 1211-1214. The author, still unknown, intended to recount the history of the first twelve Roman emperors, but he terminated this undertaking at the end of the story of the life of Julius Caesar. The decoration of the manuscript from Geneva is by various hands; the principal one, attributed to the „Maître de l'échevinage de Rouen,“ illustrated the title page. It shows the coat of arms of Louis de Bourbon, the illegitimate son of Charles I, Duke of Bourbon.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2015-10-08
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 83
Parchment · II + 203 ff. · 27.5 x 17.5 cm · ca. 1483-1503
Noël de Fribois, Abrégé des chroniques de France, followed by two sequels; Giovanni Candida, Mémoire sur les rois de Sicile; excerpts from various chronicles and stories
Noël de Fribois, notary, secretary and advisor to King Charles VII, wrote the Abrégé des chroniques de France, which he presented to the King in June 1459. He began his chronicle with the siege of Troy and concludes it in 1383. The Geneva copy has two anonymous sequels, one on the reign of Charles VII and one on that of Louis XI. This first part of the manuscript is decorated with 27 illuminated scenes. The text continues with the Mémoire sur les rois de Sicile by Giovanni Candida, translated into French by Charles Guillart, and with various chronicles, stories and other writings added in the 16th century.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2020-06-18
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 85
Parchment · I + 248 + II ff. · 41 x 30 cm · around 1460-1465
William of Tyre, History of the Crusades translated into French, with an anonymous continuation to the year 1229
This history of the Crusades is a translation of Guillaume de Tyr's Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum into the Flemish French dialect. The manuscript was decorated by Simon Marmion, one of the most significant illumination artists of the 15th century.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2008-12-09
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 160
Parchment · (I-III) + 200 + (IV-VI) ff. · 39 x 29 cm · ca. 1450-1480
Brunetto Latini, the 'Trésor'
The Florentine writer and notary Brunetto Latini went into exile in 1260, after the Guelphs lost the Battle of Montaperti. Until 1266 he took up residence in France, where he wrote the Trésor, an encyclopedia written in French that was widely used until the end of the 15th century. The illuminator of the Bibliothèque de Genève's copy of the manuscript is known as the "Master of the Geneva Latini" or as the "Maître de l'échevinage de Rouen.” Originally decorated with four frontispieces, the manuscript today has only two, one of which is a famous representation of a medieval urban market.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2014-09-23
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 163
Parchment · I + 99 ff. · 29 x 20.5 cm · third quarter of the 15th century
Laurent d'Orléans, Somme le roi
At the behest of King Philip III the Bold, the Dominican Laurent d'Orléans wrote a book on religious instruction for lay people. He was inspired by the Miroir du monde in the 3rd and 4th tract (f. 6r-33r) compiling two treatises about this 13th century work, that was widely read throughout the realm. The fifth treatise on the virtues (f. 33r-99r) is the only part originally by Brother Laurent. The illuminator who created the 8 miniatures is not identified, but probably was active in Northern France.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2019-10-10
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 164
Parchment · II + 96 ff. · 29.5 x 21 cm · ca. 1470
Jacques Legrand, Livre de bonnes meurs
The Livre de bonnes meurs, dedicated to the Duke of Berry, draws its inspiration from the Sophilogium by the same author. In essence this is a moral and religious work. As part of the “mirror for princes”, it broaches the topic of the virtues and moral qualities that an ideal prince should possess. This Geneva manuscript represents the first version, dated 1404. It was illuminated by the master of Philippe de Commynes' Froissart and contains a single beautiful illumination for the frontispiece.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2019-10-10
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 165
Parchment · 260 ff. · 26.5 x 19 cm · ca. 1412-1415
Pierre le Fruitier, called Salmon, Traictés de Pierre Salemon a Charles VI roy de France [Dialogues, second version]
Pierre le Fruitier, called Salmon, secretary to Charles VI and someone who influenced John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, in 1409 wrote a composite text that is simultaneously a mirror for princes, a collection of letters, and an autobiography. Salmon presents the qualities a sovereign needs in order to rule well (see Paris, BnF, fr. 23279). After his withdrawal from court in 1411 and after the change in royal politics towards John the Fearless, around 1412-1415 he presented a second version of the text; today this version is held in Geneva. With an image depicting Charles VI on a blue bed decorated with lilies, in discussion with his secretary, this manuscript is one of the showpieces of the Bibliothèque de Genève.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2014-06-23
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 166
Parchment · I + 92 + I ff. · 30 x 21.5 cm · 1464, shortly after 1464 and around 1490
L'enseignement de vraie noblesse, Chronicle of Scotland and two short texts
This composite manuscript, which comes from the collection of Alexandre Petau, brings together four texts that were assembled at an unknown time. The first and longest text (f. 2r-81r) is the Enseignement de vraie noblesse from 1464, attributed to Hugues de Lannoy, a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece, who, with this text, presents a mirror for princes that could interest the court of the Duke of Burgundy. This part contains the manuscript' only decoration, a large illumination (f. 3r) executed by the chief assistant to the illuminator Guillaume Vrelant of Bruges, known as Maître de la Vraie Cronicque descoce. This text is followed by the Chronique d'Ecosse (f. 82r-90v) with the history of Scotland from its origins to 1463, a text on "Le droit que le roy Charles VIIIme pretend ou royaulme de Naples" (f. 91r), and finally the life of St. Helena in Latin (f. 91v-93r).
(rou)
Online Since: 2020-06-18
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 168
Parchment · I + 165 + I ff. · 41 x 28.5 cm · end of the 15th century
Livres du roy Modus et de la royne Ratio
This work contains two tracts: the Livre des deduis, a handbook on hunting, and the Songe de Pestilence, an allegorical narrative that tells about the battle of the Virtues and the Vices. This Geneva examplar is attributed to the illuminator known by the name Master of Robert Gaguin.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2017-09-26
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 169
Parchment · (I-II) + 104 + (III-IV) ff. · 37.5 x 26 cm · ca. 1485
Gaston Febus, the “Livre de la chasse”
At the end of the 1480s Gaston Febus wrote a tract, in French and in prose, on hunting, known under the title Livre de la chasse. This tract describes the various methods of hunting and trapping game. Gaston Febus dedicated his work to the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Bold, who was well known for his fondness of the hunt. At this time, there are 44 known medieval manuscripts of this work.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2012-03-22
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 170
Parchment · 272 ff. · 37.5 x 26.5 cm · ca. 1485-1490
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Livre de l'art de chasser au moyen des oiseaux
In the 1240s, Frederick II of Hohenstaufen wrote a Latin treatise on falconry (De arte venandi cum avibus), in order to introduce his son Manfred to bird hunting. This treatise, consisting of 6 books, was the subject of a second edition by Manfred, who albeit revised only the first two books. At the beginning of the 14th century, the treatise was translated into French based on a manuscript which today is held in the Vatican and which contains Manfred's additions to the first two books. The French version is preserved in 4 manuscripts, among them the one from Geneva, decorated by the Bruges Master of 1482 ("Maître brugeois de 1482") and his associates.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2014-04-09
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 176
Parchment · III + 396 + II ff. · 42 x 29.6 cm · 1380-1389
Ovide moralisé
The Ovide moralisé is a poem consisting of 72,000 octosyllables. Between the end of the 13th century and the first quarter of the 14th century, the anonymous author translated the 15 books of Ovid's Metamorphoses by appropriating the ancient myths for the purposes of Christian edification. This Genevan exemplar, dated to the end of the 14th century, was illuminated by two artists, the Maître du Rational des divins offices and the Maître du Roman de la Rose.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2014-06-23
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 178
Parchment · I-II + 191 ff. · 29 x 21 cm · 1353
Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun, Le Roman de la Rose. Jean de Meun, Le Testament
The Roman de la Rose is a poetic work of approximately 22,000 octosyllabic verses. The first part of this allegorial romance (over 4,000 verses) was written by Guillaume de Lorris in about 1230, and it was completed by Jean de Meun some forty years later. Although the work was originally conceived as a courtly tale, the second part disgresses on a wide variety of themes and expressly criticizes the myth of the rose according to Guillaume de Lorris. The Testament is a poem consisting of 544 four-line alexandrine monorhyme stanzas expounding the spiritual development of Jean de Meun.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2010-06-22
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 179 bis
Paper · 154 ff. · 23.5 x 17.5 cm · 15th century
Collection of texts in French
This manuscript contains a collection of texts in French, mainly in the form of verse or prose excerpts. Among these are fabliaux, a religious poem, a fragment of the Roman de la Châtelaine de Vergi, and proverbs. This manuscript, a veritable collection of texts, was probably written on paper during the 1st quarter of the 15th century, either in Savoy or in French-speaking Switzerland.
(rou)
Online Since: 2020-10-08
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 180
Parchment · II + 135 ff. · 28 x 20 cm · second half of the 15th century
Christine de Pisan, The Book of the City of Ladies
Christine de Pisan, a writer and poet of great renoun, was the author of numerous works and was personally involved in the design and production of manuscripts of her works. This hold true for this codex, which contains an account of the building of a utopian city by and for women.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2008-12-09
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 181
Parchment · I + 107 + I ff. · 31.5 x 21.5 cm · 3rd quarter of the 15th century
Prose version of Pèlerinage de vie humaine by Guillaume de Deguileville
At the behest of Jeanne de Laval, the wife of King René of Anjou, in 1465 a cleric from Angers produced a prose adaptation of the first version of Guillaume de Deguileville's Pèlerinage de vie humaine. His anonymous work respects the original text and its division into four books. The completely and richly illuminated manuscript is dated to the third quarter of the 15th century.
(rou/frd)
Online Since: 2016-10-13
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 182
Parchment · II + 232 + I ff. · 43.2 x 31.5 cm · end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century
I. Prose adaptation of Pèlerinage de la vie humaine by Guillaume de Deguileville.
II. Pierre Michault, La danse aux aveugles
At the behest of Jeanne de Laval, wife of King René I. of Anjou, a cleric from Angers completed a prose adaptation of the first version of Pèlerinage de vie humaine by Guillaume de Deguileville in 1465. His anonymous work respects the original text and its division into four books. It is followed by the Danse aux aveugles (before 1465) by Pierre Michault. The two texts were richly illuminated by the Maître d'Antoine Rolin, however the decoration was never entirely completed.
(rou/frd)
Online Since: 2016-10-13
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 183/1
Paper · I + 263 + I ff. · 37.2 x 26.2/26.5 cm · 1460-1470
Philippe de Mézières, Le Songe du viel pelerin
In 1389 Philippe de Mézières (1327-1405) wrote the Songe du viel pelerin, an allegorical travelogue and extraordinary mirror for princes intended for King Charles VI. Only nine copies of this text still exist, one of which is the present copy in two volumes. This paper manuscript was probably produced in Lille, where also were added a series of watercolor drawings that can be attributed to the Master of the Livre d'Eracles, an illuminator in the entourage of the Master of Jean Wavrin. Before the manuscript became part of the Petau Collection, then was passed to Ami Lullin and finally to the Bibliothèque de Genève, it was owned by Jean V de Créquy as attested by the coats of arms painted in the initial of the first book (f. 36r).
(rou)
Online Since: 2020-06-18
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 183/2
Paper · III + 232 + I ff. · 37.2 x 26.2/26.5 cm · 1460-1470
Philippe de Mézières, Le Songe du viel pelerin
In 1389 Philippe de Mézières (1327-1405) wrote the Songe du viel pelerin, an allegorical travelogue and extraordinary mirror for princes intended for King Charles VI. Only nine copies of this text still exist, one of which is the present copy in two volumes. This paper manuscript was probably produced in Lille, where also were added a series of watercolor drawings that can be attributed to the Master of the Livre d'Eracles, an illuminator in the entourage of the Master of Jean Wavrin. Before the manuscript became part of the Petau Collection, then was passed to Ami Lullin and finally to the Bibliothèque de Genève, it was owned by Jean V de Créquy as attested by the coats of arms painted in the initial of the first book (Ms. fr. 183/1, f. 36r).
(rou)
Online Since: 2020-06-18
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 184
Parchment · III + 247 + III ff. · 36.5 x 25.3 cm · End of the 15th century
Evrard de Tremaugon, Songe du vergier
This treatise in the form of a dialogue between a cleric and a knight was commissioned by King Charles V from the Master of Requests Evrard de Tremaugon. The two protagonists debate about the ecclesiastical and secular power at the end of the 14th century, about the relations between the king and the pope. In the end, the impartial author defends the independence of the temporal power of the king, although he remains the "vicaire de Dieu en la temporalité". The text, first written in Latin in 1376 under the title Somnium Viridarii, was translated into French as early as 1378.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2020-10-08
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 187
Parchment · I + 207 + I ff. · 25.5 x 17.5 cm · ca. 1465-1480
Jean de Bueil, Le Jouvencel
Le Jouvencel tells of the deeds of a young nobleman who, thanks to his bravery and military successes, marries the daughter of King Amydas. The text was inspired by the military career of Jean de Bueil, who served Charles VII for a long time. The manuscript is decorated with three paintings attributed to the Master of the Vienna Mamerot (from the circle of Jean Fouquet).
(hoc)
Online Since: 2020-06-18
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 189
Parchment · (I-III) + 247 + (IV-VI) ff. · 45.5 x 34 cm · ca. 1470
Tristan in Prose
Tristan in Prose is a 13th century prose romance of which a multitude of copies were made over the course of the medieval period. This work of knightly character is strongly influenced by the Lancelot en prose, which was written at the end of the first quarter of the 13th century. In this collection, which refer to the myths of Tristan and Arthur, Tristan is portrayed as the perfect lover and as the perfect knight, who as a Knight of the Round Table participates in the search for the Holy Grail. The Geneva manuscript is incomplete. It ends with the jousting competition between King Arthur and Tristan, in which the latter unseats the King and Yvain from their saddles. The defeated pair then returns to Roche Dure (Volume 3 of the Philippe Menard edition, 1991). At this time there are 82 known manuscripts and manuscript fragments of this work.
(hoc)
Online Since: 2012-03-22
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 190/1
Parchment · (I-III) + 179 folios + (IV-VI) ff. · 40.5 x 29.5 cm · ca. 1410
Giovanni Boccaccio, Des cas des nobles hommes et femmes
Laurent de Premierfait translated De casibus virorum illustrium by Giovanni Boccaccio into French in about 1400. The work described the tragic fates of illustrious personages, mostly figures from antiquity. The translator presented a second version to the Duke of Berry in 1409, after expanding it with notes based on extracts from Latin historians. The Geneva exemplar, which carries the Ex libris of the bibliophile duke, transmits the second version. It is richly decorated with historiated vignettes, attributable mainly to the "Maître de Luçon".
(hoc)
Online Since: 2010-12-21
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. fr. 190/2
Parchment · (I-III) + 189 folios + (IV-VI) ff. · 40.4 x 29.5 cm · about 1410
Giovanni Boccaccio, Des cas des nobles hommes et femmes
Laurent de Premierfait translated De casibus virorum illustrium by Giovanni Boccaccio into French in about 1400. This work describes the tragic fates of illustrious personages, mostly figures from antiquity. The translator presented a second version to the Duke of Berry in 1409, after expanding it with notes based on extracts from Latin historians. The Geneva exemplar, which carries the Ex libris of the bibliophile duke, transmits the second version. It is richly decorated with historiated vignettes, attributable mainly to the "Maître de Luçon".
(hoc)
Online Since: 2010-12-21
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. gr. 42
Paper · I + 216 + I ff. · 33.1 x 22.6 cm · 16th century
Galenus, De simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus
This is a 16th century paper manuscript with a watermark. The medical text contains the eleven books of Galen's De simplicium medicamentorum [temperamentis ac] facultatibus. The narrow and «pointue» (pointed) script is reminiscent of that of Demetrius Moschus, a Greek humanist who was active in Venice and Ferrara (middle of the 15th century – after 1519). This copy is incomplete, as attested by several blank spaces intended to hold illuminated initials. The codex was purchased by Aleandre Petau in 1655. It was passed on to the pastor and theologian Ami Lullin and, after his death, it was bequeathed to the Bibliothèque de Genève.
(man)
Online Since: 2019-03-29
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. gr. 44
Paper · 12 + 802 pp. · 30.2 x 21.5 cm · 13th century
Homer, Iliad with scholia and an interlinear paraphrase of Books I to XII
This 13th century Byzantine manuscript contains a great number of scholia, which partially complete those of older manuscripts and which testify to the environment during production and to the habits of the manuscript's annotators and successive owners. To be distinguished among these are Theodorus Meliteniota, who restored and completed the already damaged manuscript in the 14th century, as well as Henri Estienne (Henricus Stephanus), who owned the manuscript in the second half of the 16th century and used it for his 1566 edition of Homer's poems, which remained the standard into the 18th century. With the exception of several accidental short lacunas or gaps, the manuscript contains a complete Iliad, including an interlinear paraphrase for the first twelve books.
(rey)
Online Since: 2013-12-13
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. heb. 1
Parchment · I + 429 + II ff. · 27.8-28 x 20-20.5 cm · 13th century
Massoretic Bible (Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographs)
This immaculately preserved Italian 13th century massoretic Bible was employed as a study manual for learning the cantillation notes for the Torah readings. The significance of this massoretic bible lies however within its provenance, where it must have been acquired sometime in the mid-15th century by Solomon Finzi, a famous Jewish banker from Mantua, who owned a large library of Hebrew manuscripts. Lastly, a letter inserted at the beginning of the manuscript testifies to the use of this bible as one of the 615 biblical manuscripts collated for Benjamin Kennicott's Vetus Testamentum hebraicum variis lectionibus (1776-1780).
(iss)
Online Since: 2019-12-12
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. heb. 3
Parchment · I + 131 + I ff. · 21.5 x 14.5 cm · mid-13th century
Hebrew Bible (Pentateuch and Book of Esther)
This medium format bible from northern France arrived at the Bibliothèque de Genève between 1667 and 1701 and is one of the oldest donations to this library, once called the Académie de Genève. Furthermore, this bible was also used as one of the 615 biblical manuscripts collated for Benjamin Kennicott's Vetus Testamentum hebraicum variis lectionibus (1776-1780).
(iss)
Online Since: 2018-12-14
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. heb. 8
Parchment · I + 280 + I ff. · 22 x 14.8-15 cm · end-13th century to beg.-14th century
Mahzor
This beautiful Mahzor for the High Holidays (Rosh ha-Shana and Yom Kippur) of the Jewish liturgical year, according to the north French rite (Nussaḥ Tsarfat) is accompanied by a great deal of liturgical poems (piyyutim). This manuscript preserves the liturgy recited by the once flourishing communities of medieval northern France. Several catchwords are surrounded by figurative ink drawings. The volume entered the Bibliothèque de Genève at an unknown date between 1667 and the end of the 17th century, having been previously owned by the physician of Andrea Doria, Condottiere of Charles Quint (1500-1558).
(iss)
Online Since: 2020-06-18
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. heb. 9
Paper · I + 139 + I ff. · 20.5-25 x 14.2-15 cm · 1st half 14th century (Mishneh Torah) and mid-15th century (lapidary)
Mishneh Torah (Books I, II, V) by Maimonides and a Hebrew and Judeo-Italian lapidary
This paper manuscript which is dated thanks to its watermarks, is divided into two distinct textual units bound together. The first work is an Ashkenazi 14th century incomplete copy of the remarkable legal work Mishneh Torah by Maimonides (1135-1204), containing books 1, 2 and 5. The second text is an Italian 15th century anonymous lapidary entitled Inian ha-Avanim, followed by a text listing the carats of pearls and spinels, as well as the value of silver and gold in several cities and regions, including locations such as Paris, Venice, Genoa and Sicily. This miscellany entered the Bibliothèque de Genève at an unknown date between 1667 and the end of the 17th century.
(iss)
Online Since: 2020-06-18
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. heb. 10
Parchment and paper · I + 118 + I ff. · 21.5 x 16 cm · 14th century
Composite manuscript of arithmetical, astronomical and ethical texts
This manuscript consists of four texts: an anonymous treatise on arithmetic and astronomy, an anonymous commentary on the Sefer ha-Mispar by R. Abraham Ibn Ezra (ca. 1092-1167), the treatise She'elot Tiviot (Problemata Physica) attributed to Pseudo-Aristotle, and the ethical and didactic poem Musar Haskel by R. Hai ben Sherira Gaon (ca. 939-1038). The She'elot Tiviot, translated from Arabic into Hebrew by Moïse Ibn Tibbon (died ca. 1283), are especially important since Ms. heb. 10 contains a version in four chapters. Of a total of seven known surviving manuscripts in the entire world containing the She'elot Tiviot, only three other manuscripts comprise these four chapters.
(iss)
Online Since: 2016-10-13
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. heb. 12
Parchment and paper · II + 103 + III ff. · 21.4 x 14.8-15 cm · end of the 13th - beginning of the 14th century
Logica Aben Resched
This manuscript contains an anonymous Hebrew paraphrase of the first five books of Averroes' (Abu al Walid Muhammed Ibn Rushd, c.1126-1198) Commentaire Moyen (middle commentary) on the Organon attributed to Aristotle. From the 13th century on, Hebrew paraphrases and compilations of certain books of the Organon were written by intellectual Jews from Provence, such as Jacob Anatolio Abba Mari (ca. 1194-1256); more than fifty manuscripts of this work of his have survived. The anonymous paraphrase found in the Bibliothèque de Genève's Ms. heb.12 is part of the same series.
(iss)
Online Since: 2016-10-13
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 6
Parchment · I-II + 239 + III-IV ff. · 28.3 x 20.8 cm · second quarter of the 9th century
The four Latin Gospels
This remarkable manuscript, created in the 9th century in the Rhineland, contains the text of the four Gospels in their Latin version, written in Carolingian minuscule. The manuscript is decorated with, among others, two initials embellished with interlace and with canonical tables presented in arcades in vivid colors.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2014-06-23
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 7
Parchment · I + 394 ff. · 29 x 22 cm · 1308
Verbal Concordance of the Bible
Brought out by the Dominicans of Saint-Jacques in Paris, biblical verbal concordances are independent works that make it possible to locate all occurrences of a term in the Bible. Listed in alphabetical order, each word is referred to the abbreviated name of the biblical book in which it appears, followed by the chapter number – the division into chapters had been definitively established around 1200 – and a letter from A to G (since each chapter was arbitrarily divided into seven parts when the numbering of the verses did not yet exist). The Bibliothèque de Genève's copy belongs to the fourth version of the Dominican Concordances, in which the chapters are divided into four (from A to D) instead of seven parts. This copy, dated 1308, was a gift to the Dominican convent of Plainpalais in Geneva at the beginning of the 15th century (f. 394v).
(rou)
Online Since: 2020-10-08
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 15
Parchment · 168 ff. · 36.5 x 26.7 cm · 12th century
Composite manuscript with theological texts
The first page of this manuscript contains a note in Latin, listing the six texts that make up the volume; the note is contemporaneous with the manuscript that was executed during the 12th century. The note identifies four of the texts as treatises by Augustine – De doctrina christiana, Contra Felicianum arrianum, Explanatio epistolae ad Galatas, De consensu quatuor evangelistarum – and reports not knowing "nescitur" who wrote the last two texts. Modern criticism recognized in these texts the De vita christiana attributed to Fastidius (4th-5th century) and a treatise on the Trinity identified as the Pro fide catholica and attributed to Fulgentius Ruspensis (467-532). This copy was executed very carefully, the text was checked and corrected, and the main divisions are marked by elegant ornamental initials in red and blue. The origin of the manuscript, before its publication in the 1620 catalog of printed books and manuscripts of the Bibliothèque de Genève, is unknown.
(rou)
Online Since: 2020-10-08
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 16
Papyrus and parchment · 4 + 53 + 2 ff. · 32 x 22 cm · 7th / 8th century
Augustine, Sermons
This manuscript contains sermons by Augustine in uncial script, written by a single hand in the late 7th or early 8th century. The outer leaf of each quire (quinio) is parchment, while the remaining leaves are papyrus. These 53 leaves (8 quires) were unbound from a volume originally containing 30 quires (between 304 and 308 leaves). 63 additional leaves (8 quires) are held in Paris (Paris, BnF, lat. 11641); one additional leaf, originally between f. 26 and f. 27, constitutes St. Petersburg NLR, Lat.F.papyr. I.1; all other leaves have been lost. During the 9th century the volume was part of the library of Florus of Lyon, who added numerous marginalia to the manuscript in his own hand.
(flu)
Online Since: 2010-06-22
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 18
Paper · 7 + 425 + 1 ff. · 27 x 19.7 cm · 15th or 16th century
Isidore of Seville · Jerome · Eusebius of Caesarea et al.
This manuscript from the 15th or 16th century unites texts by various authors: Isidore of Seville, Jerome, Eusebius of Caesarea as translated by Rufinus of Aquileia, Paulus Orosius and St. Bernard, presented in one codicologically unified volume.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2010-04-15
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 19
Paper · II + 86 + II ff. · 22 x 15 cm · 15th century
Letters by Gregory the Great
This 15th century manuscript contains 137 letters from Pope Gregory the Great, who during the Middle Ages was known mainly for his Moralia in Job. The letters written during his tenure as Pope (590-604) are an indispensable source for the history of the High Middle Ages and were passed down continuously throughout the Middle Ages. Part of the Bibliothèque de Genève's collection at the end of the 17th century, this copy, carefully written on paper in small cursiva, has remained unfinished, as can be seen from the dozen blank sheets at the end and from the fact that the large initials at the beginning of each letter were not executed.
(rou)
Online Since: 2020-10-08
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 22
Parchment · (I-III) + 175 + (IV-VI) ff. · 28 x 21 cm · around 830
Commentary by Hrabanus Maurus on the Books of Judith and Esther and the Book of Maccabees
This manuscript, written in the Abbey of Murbach (France, Upper Rhine) about 830, contains the biblical commentaries of Hrabanus Maurus on the Books of Judith and Esther and the Book of Maccabees. The manuscript is valuable for its age as well as for the picture poem inserted into the commentary on the Book of Judith. It depicts Queen Judith, the wife of Ludwig the Pius, sanctified by the hand of God.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2012-03-22
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 28
Parchment · I + 119 + I ff. · 21.7 x 15 cm · around 1100
Missal from the Tarentaise
This missal, copied in the early 12th century at the Mont-Saint-Michel Priory in the Tarentaise Valley, follows a model from Mont-Saint-Michel in Normandy. The calendar contains almost all of the saints venerated in Normandy, and the Ordinary of the Mass follows the tradition of Mont-Saint-Michel. The missal seems to have been in use at least until 1233, when the last necrological note was added to the calendar. It was purchased by Abbot Claude Vittoz, priest of La Giettaz (Savoy), who left it to the Bibliothèque de Genève in 1750.
(rou)
Online Since: 2018-06-14
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 29
Parchment · I + 161 ff. · 41.2 x 29.5 cm · 14th century
Missal for the use of Geneva
According to the calendar and the sanctoral, this missal was meant for the use of St. Pierre Cathedral in Geneva. Produced in the 14th century, the manuscript was restored in the 15th century and increased by several leaves, a sign that it was still in use at this time. An old miniature showing, among others, a crucifixion and a historiated initial depicting Pentecost – both original – was painted over with an image of angels bearing the coat of arms of Geneva (f. 95r). After the Reformation, this missal, together with other books from the Cathedral Chapter, was stored at the city hall (Hôtel de Ville), before it was finally transferred to the Bibliothèque de Genève in 1714.
(rou)
Online Since: 2018-12-14
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 30
Parchment · I + 162 + I ff. · 32 x 23.5 cm · 15th century
Missal for the use of Geneva
The incipit of the temporal (f. 1r: Incipit missale secundum usum maioris ecclesie gebennensis) indicates that this missal was meant for the use of St. Pierre Cathedral in Geneva. This very neat volume, containing no calendar, no Sanctorale and no Commune Sanctorum – with the exception of one erased column of text (f. 145v) – was probably produced in Geneva in the 15th century. According to Huot, this is the oldest liturgical manuscript to have entered the collection of the Bibliothèque de Genève at the end of the 17th century.
(rou)
Online Since: 2018-12-14
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 30b
Parchment · VII + 6 + 288 + I ff. · 36 x 27 cm · around 1460
The Missal of Urbain Bonivard, Prior of Saint Victor in Geneva
Urbain Bonivard, prior of Saint-Victor in Geneva from 1458 to 1483, produced this missal in 1460. The missal follows the liturgical practices of Cluny; the miniatures are the work of Janin Luysel and Guillaume Coquin. During the Reformation the manuscript disappeared from Geneva and only came to light again in 1912 when the city of Geneva bought it at an auction in Munich.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2008-12-09
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 31
Parchment · I + 220 + I ff. · 18.5 x 13.2 cm · middle of the 15th century
Book of hours for use in Paris
In addition to the usual services, this small-format book of hours following the practice of Paris contains several texts in French (a prayer to St. Roch, Les quinze joies de Notre-Dame and Les sept requêtes à Notre Seigneur). It is richly illuminated with full-page as well as smaller miniatures attributed (Gagnebin, 1976) to the workshop of the Coëtivy Master (now identified as Colin d'Amiens). Although some illuminations are slightly damaged, they attest to the high quality of their execution, especially in the intercession of the saints (ff. 201r-220v). This book of hours was meant for a man (the prayers are addressed in the masculine, f. 21r and 25v), perhaps for a certain Jean Novelli, whose name, together with the date 1460, is mentioned on the 18th century binding.
(rou)
Online Since: 2019-06-13
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 32
Parchment · 244 ff. · 16 x 11.5 cm · 15th century
Psalterium et liber horarum
This 15th century Book of Hours following the custom of Paris also contains a complete biblical Psalter. The miniatures are attributed to the final period of the workshop of the Duke of Bedford (around 1435-1460). Each month in the calendar is preceded by a Latin verse in hexameter listing the two unlucky days of the month (January 1 and 25, February 4 and 26, March 1 and 28, April 10 and 20, May 3 and 25, June 10 and 16, July 13 and 22, August 1 and 30, September 3 and 21, October 3 and 22, November 5 and 28, December 7 and 22). This manuscript was part of the "collection Petau," founded by two counselors of the parliament of Paris, Paul Petau († 1614) and his son Alexandre Petau († 1672); in 1720 the volume was bought by Ami Lullin (1695-1756) from Geneva, who, after his death, bequeathed it to the Bibliothèque de Genève.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2015-10-08
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 32a
Parchment · I + 92 + I ff. · 19.1 x 14 cm · around 1450
Book of Hours for use in Rome
The calendar of this book of hours for use in Rome contains prayers to Saint Clarus (2 January) and for the dedication of the Church of St. Peter in Geneva (8 October), which are particular to the diocese of this city. At an unspecified time, the manuscript suffered substantial damage: pages were torn out or torn apart, and illuminated initials were cut out. Only two of the original five illuminations have survived, placed at the beginning of the Hours of the Cross (fol. 15r) and the Penitential Psalms (fol. 74v), respectively. They were probably created mid-15th century in Geneva or the immediate surroundings.
(rou)
Online Since: 2018-10-04
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 33
Parchment · I + 187 + II ff. · 13.5 x 9.5 cm · third quarter of the 15th century
Book of hours
This book of hours in the Parisian fashion is richly illuminated and was made for the diocese of Nantes in the third quarter of the 15th century. It was owned by the Petau family during the 17th century. In 1720 it was purchased by Ami Lullin of Geneva and donated to the Bibliothèque de Genève.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2008-12-09
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 34
Parchment · 126 ff. · 16.5 x 10.8 cm · second half of the 15th century (cf. F. Huot)
Book of Hours for use in the Abbey of St. Martin of Tours
This manuscript from the second half of the 15th century is a book of hours for use in the Abbey of St. Martin of Tours. Six large miniatures remain, of which two pertain to the life of Christ, two are dedicated to the Annunciation, one to St. Joseph, and the last to St. Barbara. The calendar indicates the thirteen unlucky days (dies eger) of the year. With its old crimson velvet binding, its painted decorations and careful script, this manuscript had enriched the collection of the Petau family before it came to Geneva.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2014-12-18
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 35
Parchment · III + 184 + V ff. · 17 x 11.7 cm · last third of the 15th century
Book of hours
This small, elegant, illuminated book of hours for the use of Rome was probably produced in the workshop of Jean Colombe, the famous book illustrator from Bourges, who was active in the last third of the 15th century. Some of the 14 miniatures that decorate the manuscript can in fact also be found in other books of hours that were illuminated by the master of Bourges, such as the cord situated in the ornate margins that frame the miniatures (Paris, BnF, n.a. lat. 3181). This motif has been interpreted in different ways, either as a sign of belonging to the Third Order of Franciscans, or as a sign of widowhood, in which case the addressee would have been a woman – but this is contradicted by the masculine forms of address in the prayers. The manuscript later became the property of Paul Petau, and in 1756 it became part of the collection of the Bibliothèque de Genève as part of the bequest of Ami Lullin.
(rou)
Online Since: 2018-06-14
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 37
Parchment · 62 ff. · 28 x 19.5 cm · second half of the 15th century
Rituale Romanum
Illuminated in a Venetian workshop, this Rituale Romanum was copied during the second half of the 15th century for Archbishop Phillipe de Lévis. It contains the orations according to Roman Rite for various ceremonies such as baptism, purification, marriage, anointing of the sick, last rites, or burials. Carefully written, decorated with colorful floral borders and fine miniatures and augmented with gold leaf, the manuscript is of outstanding quality.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2013-12-13
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 37a
Parchment · II + 88 + II ff. · 31.5 x 15 cm · beginning of the 10th century (cf. A. von Euw)
Lectionary of St. Gall (or more exactly: Epistolary of St. Gall)
This epistolary, produced in the cloister of St. Gall, was used for readings during the mass. The script is Carolingian minuscule and the initials are decorated with gold, silver, and minium. This manuscript may have been written and illuminated by Sintram at the beginning of the 10th century. The original binding was made of ivory. The manuscript apparently left St. Gall at the end of the 18th century, after being offered for sale. It only appeared again in the 1860s, when the heirs of Geneva physician Jean-Jaques de Roches-Lombard presented it to the Bibliothèque de Genève.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2008-12-09
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 38b
Parchment · II + 43 + II ff. · 31.2 x 21 cm · 13th century (+ 14th-16th century additions)
Solemn Evangelistary of St. Pierre Cathedral of Geneva
This manuscript contains several texts copied between the 13th and the 16th century. The oldest one is the Solemn Evangelistary of St. Pierre Cathedral of Geneva (ff. 5-28v), which, according to its illuminations (esp. f. 5r), was probably created in Paris, even though the pericopes correspond to the feast days particular to Geneva. This is followed by excerpts from the sung Gospels (with staff notation) from the 14th and 15th century, one of which is an interesting late 15th century liturgical witness for the feast of the Epiphany (ff. 37v-40r).
(rou)
Online Since: 2019-06-13
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 41
Parchment · I + 39 ff. · 17 x 13.5 cm · third quarter of the 12th century
Hugh of Amiens, Super fide catholica and Super oratione dominica
Hugh of Amiens, archbishop of Rouen (1130-1164), is the author of the two theological treatises, Sur la foi catholique and Sur l'oraison dominicale, copied in this manuscript. According to the inscription on the front flyleaf, the manuscript was donated to the Cathedral of Rouen by Archbishop Rotrou of Warwick, immediate successor of Hugh of Amiens as the head of the archdiocese (1165-1183). An entry on the first page (f. 1r) attests that the manuscript belonged to Alexandre Petau before it became part of the collection of the Bibliothèque de Genève.
(rou)
Online Since: 2018-10-04
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 49
Parchment · 126 ff. · 31 x 22 cm · around 1480
Chronicle of Eusebius of Caesarea
This sumptuous manuscript contains the Chronicle of Eusebius of Caesarea translated by St. Jerome and presented in columns, together with continuations by Jerome and Prosper of Aquitaine. It was produced in about 1480 in Padua or Venice and was illuminated by Petrus V…, who created a masterful full-page illustration on Fol. 10r. A binding error unfortunately reduces the overall esthetic appeal of the volume: the first and second fascicles have been placed in inverse order.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2010-04-15
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 50
Parchment · I + 174 + II-IV ff. · 31.5 x 21 cm · around 825
Collection of texts on the computation of time by the Venerable Bede . Annales Petaviani and Annals of the Abbey of Massay
‘Venerable' is the term that comes to mind for describing this manuscript. In fact, it can be considered ‘venerable' due to its age since it is dated circa 825. Furthermore, the author of the main texts copied herein is Beda Venerabilis or the Venerable Bede (672/674, † 735), who was a monk at Jarrow Abbey in England. Copied in the Benedictine Abbey of Massay (France, Cher, near Bourges), the manuscript contains several of the Venerable Bede's scientific works such as the Easter cycle, also known as Bede's cycle, the De natura rerum, the De temporibus and the De temporum ratione. Various other texts were also inserted: the Annales Petaviani and the annals of the Abbey of Massay, calendar, fragments on the computus, letters.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2014-06-23
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 52
Parchment · II + 136 + III ff. · 29.8 x 21.5 cm · end of the 15th century
Guido de Columnis, Historia destructionis Troiae
This manuscript contains the Latin translation of the Roman de Troie by Benoît de Sainte-Maure, prepared in 1287 by Guido de Columnis. The text is divided into 35 books, of which only 9 are introduced by miniatures, most of them whole-page miniatures (f. 1r, 5v, 16v, 46r, 72v, 83v, 89v, 107v, 124v). Set in Renaissance-style frames, the paintings illustrate various important moments in the destruction of Troy. This manuscript was part of the collection of Paul and Alexandre Petau before it became the property of Ami Lullin, pastor and theologist in Geneva, who donated it to the Bibliothèque de Genève in 1756.
(rou)
Online Since: 2018-03-22
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 54
Parchment · II + 80 ff. · 31.5 x 22 cm · around 1420
The "Conspiracy of Catilin" and the "Jugurthine War" by Sallust
This manuscript dates from about 1420 and contains the "Conspiracy of Catilin " and the "Jugurthine War" by Sallust. Miniature illuminations in grisaille were added by Bedford-Meister and assistants in his workshop, followed by a commentary by Jean Lebègues, who wrote a guide to the illustration of historical scenes in the above-named works of Sallust in 1417. During the 17th century the manuscript was owned by the Petau family. In 1720 Ami Lullin of Geneva purchased the codex and donated it to the Bibliothèque de Genève.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2008-12-09
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 55
Wood and wax · 4 + 6 + 2 ff. · 35.8/36 x 15.7/15.8 cm · 1306-1309
Record of expenditures for the Hôtel of Philip IV the Fair, King of France, for the years 1306-1309, written on wax tablets
The Bibliothèque de Genève's Ms. lat. 55 is an exceptional document because it consists of six wax tablets listing the expenditures for the royal household of the French King Philip IV the Fair for the years 1306-1309. Over time, the wax turned black and hard, which makes it harder to read. But the images of the tablets are accompanied by a transcription and by a facsimile prepared in 1720-1742 by the Genevan Gabriel Cramer. Preserved as „Ms. lat. 55 bis“, this handwritten facsimile makes it possible to access the content of the tablets and to compare the current state with that of 1720-1742 and thus to recognize the loss of pieces of the wax.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2016-03-17
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 57
Parchment · 98 ff. · 20.2 x 14.5 cm · 1452
Gautier Burley (attr.), Liber de vita et moribus philosophorum veterum
“Lives of philosophers” constitute a subcategory of the ancient literary genre of “lives of illustrious men” that was considered anew beginning in the 12th century. The Latin text of this manuscript, the Liber de vita et moribus philosophorum veterum, attributed to Gautier Burley (actually an anonymous Italian author from the early 14th century), consists of a collection of moral maxims from various philosophers, whose names are indexed at the end of the work (f. 93r-94r). This copy, dated 1452, may be from the Abbey of Saint-Denis and later was the property of Paul and Alexandre Petau, before becoming part of the holdings of the Bibliothèque de Genève as part of the bequest of Ami Lullin.
(rou)
Online Since: 2019-10-10
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 60
Parchment · II + 342 + II ff. · 47.5 x 30 cm · around 1346
Decretum Gratiani with glosses by Bartholomaeus Brixiensis
This manuscript contains the Decretum Gratiani with the Glossa ordinaria by Bartholomäus Brixiensis. It is a distinctive testimony to the masterly page layout of legal texts, where the main text is usually framed on all sides by its commentary. This copy is signed by the scribe, brother Adigherio (fol. 341v). The manuscript also is sumptuously decorated with large miniatures that introduce the main parts of the text as well as the various legal cases; in addition, there are numerous historiated initials, often very humorous (e.g. f. 2r, 127v), and figure initials. Two book illustrators from Bologna, the Master of 1346 and l'Illustratore, are the creators of this decoration that was carried out in the 1340s. In 1756, the Decretum Gratiani became part of the Bibliothèque de Genève with the bequest of Ami Lullin, who had purchased this copy from the collection of Paul and Alexander Petau.
(rou)
Online Since: 2018-06-14
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 62
Parchment · 16 ff. · 34.6 x 27 cm · 1483-1490
Statuta et ordinationes ecclesie Gebennensis (Statutes and ordinances of the Church of Geneva)
This document, carefully written on parchment in the years 1482-1490, contains the 148 articles that define the statutes of the Church of Geneva. In 1484, they were approved by Pope Innocent VIII. They contain regulations concerning the ritual of the religious ceremonies of the canons of St. Pierre Cathedral in Geneva as well as regulations concerning their canonical life.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2014-04-09
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 70
Parchment · I + 110 ff. · 21.5 x 14.3 cm · middle of the 13th century
Digestum vetus
This manuscript, produced in a Parisian workshop during the mid-13th century, contains books I through XVIII of the Digestum vetus by Justinian, in a textual variant different from that found in the version of the Digest most common at that time. An illustration in the form of a vertical band depicts the Emperor Justinian, standing among the five most important jurists of the early 3rd century, who are frequently quoted in the Digest.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2010-04-15
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 74
Parchment · IV + 80 + IV ff. · 23.7 x 16.5 cm · first half of the 16th century
Lazare de Baïf, De re vestiaria
The humanist Lazare de Baïf (1496-1547), ambassador of Francis I, is the author of the Latin treatise De re vestiaria, which in 1526 was the first monograph on antique clothing. This text, written in Latin and interspersed with Greek quotations - a language Baïf studied with Giovanni Lascaris in Rome - was widely distributed through editions printed, for example, in Basel by Froben (1537) or in Paris by Charles Estienne (1535). This handwritten copy in the Bibliothèque de Genève presents the complete text of the De re vestiaria, divided into 21 chapters and with numerous marginal notes, probably by the hand of Lazarus de Baïf (f. 79v), making it a particularly valuable textual witness.
(rou)
Online Since: 2020-06-18
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 76
Parchment · I + 334 + I ff. · 30.8 x 21 cm · around the end of the 13th century
Aristotle · Moses Maimonides, De uno deo benedicto
This manuscript was produced in a Parisian workshop around the end of the 13th century. It contains the Latin version of thirteen critiques written by, or generally thought to have been written by, Aristotle. The book ends with a fragment of De uno deo benedicto by Moses Maimonides. Forty decorated initials adorn the text, and a large drawing of Christ on the cross with Mary and John has been added on the last folio.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2010-04-15
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 78
Parchment · 315 + II ff. · 23 x 16.5 cm · 13th century and end of the 13th - beginning of the 14th century
Composite manuscript containing medical texts
This manuscript contains three medical texts translated from Arabic and Greek into Latin. It begins with a small medical encyclopedia in ten books, the Kitâb al-Mansuri by Rhazes (ff. 4-126), in the translation attributed to Gerard of Cremona (d. 1187); this is immediately followed by a treatise on fever (ff. 126-144v) inspired by Johannitius (Latin name of the doctor and translator Hunain ben Ishāq al-Ibādī from Baghdad, 808-873). The collection concludes with the text Twelve books of medicine by the Byzantine physician Alexander of Tralles, divided here into three books and followed by the Treatise on fever (ff. 146-289v). The extensively annotated manuscript is adorned with decorated initials from which very beautiful red and blue "Italian extensions" emerge.
(rou)
Online Since: 2019-12-12
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 80
Paper · (I-II) + 62 + (III) ff. · 28.5 x 20.5 cm · end of the 15th century or beginning of the 16th century
Collection of ten treatises on astronomy, physics, mechanics, etc. (in Latin and French)
This collection, dated to the end of the 15th century or the beginning of the 16th century, contains ten scientific treatises (astronomy, physics, mechanics, etc.) written in Latin or French and accompanied by several technical drawings. While four texts remain anonymous, the others were written by Christian of Prague, Petrus Peregrinus, Franco de Polonia, Philo of Byzantium, Marbod of Rennes and Jean Fusoris. The topics cover various areas, such as the astrolabe, magnetism, precious stones,the clavichord, etc.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2015-10-08
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 81
Parchment · 10 ff. · 28.8 x 20.5 cm · 1476
Andrea Benincasa, Atlas of nautical charts
This portolan by Andrea Benincasa is signed and dated 1476 on the last chart, which is glued to the inside back cover. The five nautical charts, each occupying a double page of the atlas, describe the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea (chart 1), the coasts between Sicily and the Aegean Sea (chart 2), the Mediterranean Sea from Gibraltar to Rome with Corsica and Sardinia (chart 3), the coasts of the Atlantic between England and Ireland to the Strait of Gibraltar (chart 4), and finally the coasts between Gibraltar and Cape Bojador, including the Canary Islands and other islands (chart 5). The star-shaped rhumb lines with wind roses indicate the compass directions, while the scales, here marked in the corners of the leaves, make it possible to estimate distances. The precise course of the coasts highlighted with color and the elegant script of the toponyms are characteristic of maps from the Benincasa studio, which were intended as objects for book lovers, but not for navigation. Among the numerous inscriptions on these maps, those on the Atlantic islands are the most surprising, as they seem to anticipate the discovery of the American archipelago like “Antilia,” or the island of “Brazil”; these names were adopted by Christopher Columbus and his successors to name certain territories in the New World.
(vag)
Online Since: 2019-12-12
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 84
Parchment · I-II + 44 f. + III-IV ff. · 25.8 x 23 cm · 9th century
Nonius Marcellus, De compendiosa doctrina, liber quartus
This manuscript from the 9th century contains Book IV of the De compendiosa doctrina by Nonius Marcellus, a Latin grammarian who lived in the 4th century AD. The corrections which have been added to the text are ascribed to Lupus von Ferières. The existence of a brief text in Tironian notes and of a book catalog (a list of 21 titles) led earlier researchers to believe that the manuscript originated in Fleury-sur-Loire, but the most recent investigations indicate a connection with the cloister of Fulda in Germany
(jeg)
Online Since: 2010-06-22
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 85
Parchment · (I-III) + 94 + (IV-V) ff. · 25 x 6.5 cm · 9th century
Dictionary of Tironian notes
This manuscript is remarkable because of its contents as well as its age: it is a dictionary of Tironian notes, copied in the 9th century. While puzzling at first glance, this dictionary is written as lists of signs, the "Tironian notes", accompanied by their Latin meanings. This shorthand from antiquity supposedly survived until the Carolingian era.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2015-10-08
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 88
Paper · II + 121 + II ff. · 28.5 x 21 cm · 15th century
Cicero, De officiis
Cicero's De officiis of is a political work on ethics, used throughout the Middle Ages, from Augustine, to the compilers of his moral sequences, to Christine de Pizan in her Chemin de long estude. Numerous commentaries have been written on this work, as attested by this 15th century paper manuscript. On the last double page (f. 120v-121r) the ethical theme of the Ciceronian text is continued as a schema of virtues. This manuscript was in the possession of the regent of the Collège de Genève, Hugues Lejeune (1634-1707), who donated it to the Bibliothèque de Genève.
(rou)
Online Since: 2020-10-08
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 91
Parchment · 327 ff. · 20.5 x 14.2 cm · end of the 15th century (cf. A. Dufour) or around 1460 (cf. B. Gagnebin)
Policraticus (The government of the state) by John of Salisbury
With a beautiful binding à la "Du Seuil", this 15th century manuscript contains the Policraticus (The government of the state), a work of reflections on the vanities of courtiers, written by John of Salisbury (1115/1120-1180). It was copied in a careful hand, and the text was decorated with a large miniature showing an author reading his text before the king of France.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2014-12-18
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 92
Paper · I + 170 + I ff. · 30.2 x 21.8 cm · 1460-1480
Aegidius Romanus, De regimine principum; Aesop, Life, Fables
This manuscript, copied in the years 1460-1480, contains De regimine principum by Aegidius Romanus, decorated with a miniature in which the author (Aegidius Romanus) dedicates the book to the king of France. The last leaves contain the Life of Aesop and his Fables, translated into Latin by Rinuccio di Arezzo. The manuscript was owned by François Bonivard († 1570), who was prior of the Cluniac Priory of St. Victor in Geneva.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2010-04-15
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 97
Parchment · I + 33 + I ff. · 25.5 x 17.5 cm · beginning of the 16th century
Raoul Bollart: On the Victory of King Louis XII of France against the Venetians; Moral Poem
This manuscript dates from the beginning of the 16th century and contains two poems by Raoul Bollart, the first of which celebrates the siege of King Ludwig XII of France against the Venetians in 1509. The second poem treats the subject of moral values and relates the supplications made to a rich person by the poor. All miniatures found in this manuscript, illustrating various scenes in the poems, were made in Rouen. The way in which they follow the morality text is similar to the style of modern comics. During the 17th century this manuscript was owned by the Petau family. In 1720 Ami Lullin of Geneva purchased the codex and donated it to the Bibliothèque de Genève.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2008-12-09
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 98
Parchment · I-III + 54 + IV-VI ff. · 21 x 12.5 cm · 1170-1180
Alexandreis (epic poem relating the story of Alexander the Great), by Walter of Châtillon
This manuscript, dated to the years 1170-1180, contains the text of the Alexandreis, a Latin epic poem written by Walter of Châtillon to tell the story of Alexander the Great. Dedicated to the Archbishop of Reims, the work quickly became a great success and remains known today as “the greatest epic poem of medieval literature”. In addition, the version preserved in this manuscript should be one of the oldest.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2014-04-09
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 99
Parchment · 314 pp. · 20.7 x 14.1 cm · end of the 15th century (cf. H. Aubert and A. Dufour) or around 1478-1480 (cf. B. Gagnebin)
Amyris. Poem in honor of Sultan Sultans Mehmed II, by Gian Mario Filelfo
At the request of his friend Othman Lillo Ferducci of Ancona, Gian Mario Filelfo composed the Amyris in the years 1471-1476. This long Latin poem was intended to thank Sultan Mehmet II for having freed Ferducci's brother-in-law, who had been taken prisoner by the Turcs during the capture of Constantinople in 1453. Gian Mario Filelfo had the manuscript decorated in Florence with "bianchi girari” ornamentation, had it bound in Urbino with a very beautiful Italian Renaissance binding, and then gave it to the Duke of Urbino, Federico da Montefeltro, at whose court he was staying in 1477 and 1478.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2014-12-18
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 101
Parchment · III + 290 ff. · 23.7 x 16 cm · 2nd third of the 15th century
Cicero, Orations
One of the ancient authors best known in the
Middle Ages doubtlessly was Cicero. Some of his speeches - the Orationes - were rediscovered by humanists, as is attested by
this copy. The manuscript contains 27 of Cicero's speeches, written in a round
Italian humanistic script. It begins with a miniature depicting a group of
speakers in a discussion (f. 1r), painted by Péronet Lamy, an illuminator who is documented
from 1432 until 1453 and who worked primarily for Amadeus VIII, the Duke of
Savoy. It is likely that Péronet Lamy carried out this decoration when he was at
the Council of Basel as part of the Duke's entourage. Also present there was
Martin le Franc (1408-1461), ducal secretary and author of the Champion des Dames and the
Estrif de fortune et de vertu; according to a scraped entry (f. 290r), he came into
possession of this manuscript. Thereafter it belonged to Germain Colladon (back pastedown), a fellow student of John Calvin, who
fled to Geneva in 1550. Around 1615, one of his daughters-in-law sold the
manuscript, together with Ms. lat. 53, to the Bibliothèque de Genève.
(rou)
Online Since: 2018-03-22
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 124
Paper · 2 + 28 ff. · 24 x 16 cm · 16th century
Plutarch, De tranquillitate animi, Latin translation by Guillaume Budé
This manuscript from the 16th century contains the Latin translation of the tract entitled De tranquilitate animi by Plutarch, made by the French humanist Guillaume Budé in 1505. It is preceded by a letter from Budé to Pope Julius II, to whom the translation is addressed. The manuscript does not include illustrations, though the 16th century binding contains two scenes depicting the Virgin Mary: the Assumption of Mary and the Blessing of the Virgin Mary by the Holy Trinity.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2010-04-15
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 147
Parchment · 197 ff. · 11.5 x 7 cm · around 1500
Book of Hours for use in Rome
This miniature book of hours (11.5 x 7 cm) for use in Rome was probably made in Bourges by the Master of Spencer 6 (active between 1490 and 1510). All 35 full-page and framed miniatures show identical composition, where the main scene, presented in close-up, is complemented with a predella containing small figures. The manuscript's owner, the Naville family of Geneva (coat of arms on f. 1v), donated it to the Bibliothèque de Genève in 1803.
(rou)
Online Since: 2018-10-04
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 157
Parchment · 116 ff. · 27.5 x 18 cm · around 1200
Officium capituli abbatiae Sixti
This manuscript, dated to about 1200, contains several texts, among them the Martyrology of Usuard (Benedictine monk, died around 875), an incomplete homiliary, the Rule of St. Augustine, and the necrology of Sixt Abbey (France, Haute-Savoie) that was expanded with later additions into the 17th century. According to François Huot, the various parts could have existed separately, but they seem to have been combined since the beginning of the 13th century. Primarily in the 13th and 14th century, diverse texts were added on previously blank pages, among them list of dues owed the abbey noted on pages f. 75v and 99r. This manuscript belonged to the Augustinian Canons Regular of Sixt Abbey, who used it during the Officium capituli; the manuscript must have been in their possession until the French Revolution. In the 19th century it was purchased by Auguste Turrettini (1818-1881) from Geneva.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2015-10-08
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 172
Parchment · 108 + II ff. · 21.3 x 14 cm · mid to late 15th century
Phalaris, Diogenes of Sinope, Brutus, Letters (translated by Francesco d'Arezzo and Ranuccio d'Arezzo)
This volume, which was produced in Italy in the mid to late 15th century, is a collection of letters, bringing together letters by Phalaris, Diogenes of Sinope and Brutus, who were regarded in the middle ages as the true authors of these letters. They were translated into Latin by Francesco Griffolini Aretino and Ranuccio of Arezzo. A decorative illustration in bianchi girari (entwined white vine style) is found at the beginning of the section by each author. Two fragments of De officiis ministrorum by St. Ambrose are found at the end of the volume.
(jeg)
Online Since: 2010-04-15
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. lat. 357
Parchment · 245 ff. · 25 x 16 cm · 11th and 12th century
The Institutions of Priscian and the Commentary on the Apocalypse by Beatus of Liébana
This manuscript was deposited in the Bibliothèque de Genève in 2007 by the priests of the Congregation of St. Francis de Sales (at the Institut Florimont in Geneva). This composite manuscript unifies two previously separate texts: a copy of Prician's Institutiones Grammaticae made during the 11th or 12th centuries in Italy, and the Commentary on the Apocalypse by Beatus of Liébana. The latter is illustrated with 65 miniatures; this 11th century copy was probably written in southern Italy, judging by the Beneventana and Carolingian minuscule scripts used. This previously unknown Beatus manuscript discovered in Geneva adds to the 26 illuminated exemplars already on record.
(hoc/jeg)
Online Since: 2009-11-03
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. l.e. 206
Parchment · I + 123 + II ff. · 12.2 x 8 cm · 15th century
Composite manuscript of Waldensian treatises and sermons
This manuscript was probably written in the 15th century in the Waldensian Valleys of Piedmont (Italy). As also with a large part of the remaining Waldensian manuscripts, now dispersed across various European libraries, this is a collection of various treatises, sermons and upraising or doctrinaire texts. This manuscript probably reached Geneva around 1661, where it was brought, together with other manuscripts, by the Waldensian pastor Jean Léger. Classified as a Spanish manuscript by Jean Senebier in 1779, it was not recognized as Waldensian until the middle of the 19th century.
(gir)
Online Since: 2016-06-23
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. l.e. 209a
Paper · 99 ff. · 10.5 x 14 cm · 16th century
Composite manuscript of Waldensian treatises and sermons, in Latin and Occitan
This manuscript was probably written in the 16th century in the Waldensian Valleys of Piedmont (Italy). As with a large part of the remaining Waldensian manuscripts, now dispersed across various European libraries, this is a collection of various treatises, sermons and upraising or doctrinaire texts, partly in Latin and partly in the vernacular. This manuscript probably reached Geneva around 1662, where it was brought, together with other manuscripts, by the Waldensian pastor Jean Léger. Initially classified as a Latin manuscript, it was not recognized as part of the Waldensian codices until 1832.
(gir)
Online Since: 2016-12-20
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève, Ms. l.e. 210
Parchment · V + 130 + V ff. · 28.5/28.8 x 20/20.3 cm · 1498
Luca Pacioli, De divina proportione
The De Divina Proportione is a mathematical treatise by the Franciscan friar Luca Pacioli (1445-1517). The Italian text is followed by sixty polyhedra, drawn filled or empty, and influenced by Leonardo da Vinci. Of the three copies written during the author's lifetime, only two remain. This copy, held by the Bibliothèque de Genève, is the presentation copy of the Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, whose coat of arms and motto adorn the manuscript (fol. Ir and LXIIv).
(hoc)
Online Since: 2019-02-27